Advances in MoS-Based Biosensors: From Material Fabrication and Characterization to Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Applications.

The growing demand for low-cost biosensors has stimulated the study of new technologies and materials like molybdenum disulfide (MoS). Due to its electroconductive nature and high surface-to-volume ratio, it allows for the ultra-sensitive detection of biomarkers. The crystal structure of MoS provides it with a unique micrometer thickness, making it appropriate for biosensing in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. As compared to traditional materials, MoS can work without labels (through field-effect transduction or plasmonic shifts) while maintaining biocompatibility and low-cost fabrication, which fill significant voids in the early diagnosis of diseases. This paper provides an overview of the recent advancements in MoS-based biosensors, which are primarily focused on the field-effect transistors and surface plasmon resonance techniques and fabrication methods for MoS-based biosensors like mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and chemical exfoliation, applications in various industries, and their characterization techniques to evaluate the quality and functionality of MoS nanosheets in biosensors. While certain challenges remain like improving conductivity and scalability, MoS-based biosensors serve as a powerful tool for the precise and reliable detection of biomarkers in environmental, food, and healthcare industries.