Ibrahimi Danjela, Aviles Marcos, Rojas-Galván Rafael, Rodríguez Reséndiz Juvenal
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico.
Brain Vision & Learning Center, Misión de Capistrano 117, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76226, Mexico.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2025 Jun 7;12(6):621. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12060621.
This observational cross-sectional study aimed to comprehensively evaluate sensory-cognitive performance in children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with a focus on auditory processing, visual-perceptual abilities, visual-motor integration, and oculomotor function. The study further examined how hyperactivity, age, and gender may influence these domains.
A total of 70 non-medicated children with clinically diagnosed ADHD (mean age = 9.1±2.4 years; 67.1% male), all with normal visual acuity, were assessed using four standardized instruments: the Test of Auditory Processing Skills, Third Edition (TAPS-3), the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, Fourth Edition (TVPS-4), the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (VMI-6), and the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test. Statistical analyses included one sample and independent samples -tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients.
Participants demonstrated significantly above-average performance in auditory processing (TAPS-3: μ=108.4, std=7.8), average visual-perceptual abilities (TVPS-4: μ=100.9, std=7.2), slightly below-average visual-motor integration (VMI-6: μ=97.1, std=9.0), and marked deficits in oculomotor efficiency (DEM ratio: μ=87.3, std=18.1). Statistically significant differences were observed across these domains (t-values ranging from 2.9 to 7.2, p<0.01). Children with hyperactive-impulsive presentations exhibited lower horizontal DEM scores (μ=73.4, std=12.3) compared to inattentive counterparts (μ=82.9, std=16.2; p=0.009). Age and sex influenced specific subtest scores, with boys and children aged 8-9 years achieving higher outcomes in word memory (p=0.042) and visual discrimination (p=0.034), respectively. Moderate correlations were identified between auditory and visual-perceptual skills (r=0.32, p=0.007), and between visual-perceptual and oculomotor performance (r=0.25, p=0.035).
The findings from this sample reveal a distinct sensory-cognitive profile in children with ADHD, characterized by relatively preserved auditory processing and pronounced oculomotor deficits. These results underscore the value of a multimodal assessment protocol that includes oculomotor and visual efficiency evaluations. The conclusions pertain specifically to the cohort studied and should not be generalized to all populations with ADHD without further validation.
本观察性横断面研究旨在全面评估被诊断为注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的儿童的感觉认知表现，重点关注听觉处理、视觉感知能力、视动整合和眼球运动功能。该研究进一步考察了多动、年龄和性别如何影响这些领域。
总共70名临床诊断为ADHD的未用药儿童（平均年龄=9.1±2.4岁；67.1%为男性），所有儿童视力均正常，使用四种标准化工具进行评估：《听觉处理技能测试》第三版（TAPS - 3）、《视觉感知技能测试》第四版（TVPS - 4）、《贝里 - 布克蒂尼卡视动整合发育测试》第六版（VMI - 6）和《发育性眼球运动（DEM）测试》。统计分析包括单样本和独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析以及皮尔逊相关系数。
参与者在听觉处理方面表现出显著高于平均水平（TAPS - 3：μ = 108.4，标准差 = 7.8），视觉感知能力为平均水平（TVPS - 4：μ = 100.9，标准差 = 7.2），视动整合略低于平均水平（VMI - 6：μ = 97.1，标准差 = 9.0），眼球运动效率存在明显缺陷（DEM比率：μ = 87.3，标准差 = 18.1）。在这些领域观察到了具有统计学意义的差异（t值范围为从（此处原文有误，推测应为从2.9到7.2）2.9至7.2，p < 0.01）。与注意力不集中的儿童（μ = 82.9，标准差 = 16.2；p = 0.009）相比，多动冲动型儿童的水平方向DEM得分较低（μ = 73.4，标准差 = 12.3）。年龄和性别影响特定子测试分数，男孩和8 - 9岁儿童在单词记忆（p = 0.042）和视觉辨别（p = 0.034）方面分别取得了更高的成绩。在听觉和视觉感知技能之间（r = 0.32，p = 此处原文有误，推测应为0.007 0.007）以及视觉感知和眼球运动表现之间（r = 0.25，p = 此处原文有误，推测应为0.035 0.035）发现了中度相关性。
该样本的研究结果揭示了ADHD儿童独特的感觉认知特征，其特点是听觉处理相对保留，眼球运动存在明显缺陷。这些结果强调了包括眼球运动和视觉效率评估在内的多模式评估方案的价值。这些结论专门适用于所研究的队列，未经进一步验证不应推广到所有ADHD人群。
