The ADCK Kinase Family: Key Regulators of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Function and Their Implications in Human Cancers.

AarF domain-containing kinases (ADCKs) are a family of putative mitochondrial proteins that have been implicated in various aspects of mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism. Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular bioenergetics, primarily in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, while also regulating metabolism, thermogenesis, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Evidence suggests that the ADCK family of proteins is involved in maintaining mitochondrial architecture and homeostasis. In detail, these proteins are believed to play a role in processes such as coenzyme Q biosynthesis, energy production, and cellular metabolism. There are five known isoforms of ADCK (ADCK1-ADCK5), some of which have similar activities, and each also has its own unique biological functions. Dysregulation or mutations in specific ADCK isoforms have been linked to several pathological conditions, including multiple human cancers, primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency, and metabolic disorders. This review surveys the current body of peer-reviewed research on the ADCK protein family, incorporating data from the primary literature, case studies, and experimental studies conducted in both in vitro and in vivo systems. It also draws on existing review articles and known published findings to provide a comprehensive overview of the functional roles, disease associations, and molecular mechanisms of ADCK proteins. Further in-depth research on ADCK proteins has the potential to unlock critical insights into their precise mechanisms. This could pave the way for identifying new therapeutic targets for mitochondrial and metabolic-related diseases, as well as for advancing cancer treatment strategies.