Cardiotonic Steroids as a Potential Novel Approach for Immunomodulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that significantly impairs the quality of life of millions of individuals. The pathogenesis of IBD is closely linked to dysbiosis of microbiota and the activation of various inflammatory pathways, which are characterized by elevated levels of activated immune cells, such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. While several therapeutic options, including corticosteroids and biologic agents, are available for the treatment of IBD, their efficacy remains limited. Consequently, the development of novel therapies is essential. In this context, cardiotonic steroids, a class of drugs traditionally known for their effects on the cardiovascular system, have gained attention due to their potential immunomodulatory properties. Thus, this review aims to explore the emerging therapeutic potential of cardiotonic steroids in the treatment of IBD.