MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland.
Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland.
Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Sep 1;13(9):867. doi: 10.3390/bios13090867.
Antibiotics have emerged as ground-breaking medications for the treatment of infectious diseases, but due to the excessive use of antibiotics, some drugs have developed resistance to microorganisms. Because of their structural complexity, most antibiotics are excreted unchanged, polluting the water, soil, and natural resources. Additionally, food items are being polluted through the widespread use of antibiotics in animal feed. The normal concentrations of antibiotics in environmental samples typically vary from ng to g/L. Antibiotic residues in excess of these values can pose major risks the development of illnesses and infections/diseases. According to estimates, 300 million people will die prematurely in the next three decades (by 2050), and the WHO has proclaimed "antibiotic resistance" to be a severe economic and sociological hazard to public health. Several antibiotics have been recognised as possible environmental pollutants (EMA) and their detection in various matrices such as food, milk, and environmental samples is being investigated. Currently, chromatographic techniques coupled with different detectors (e.g., HPLC, LC-MS) are typically used for antibiotic analysis. Other screening methods include optical methods, ELISA, electrophoresis, biosensors, etc. To minimise the problems associated with antibiotics (i.e., the development of AMR) and the currently available analytical methods, electrochemical platforms have been investigated, and can provide a cost-effective, rapid and portable alternative. Despite the significant progress in this field, further developments are necessary to advance electrochemical sensors, e.g., through the use of multi-functional nanomaterials and advanced (bio)materials to ensure efficient detection, sensitivity, portability, and reliability. This review summarises the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of antibiotics in milk/milk products and presents a brief introduction to antibiotics and AMR followed by developments in the field of electrochemical biosensors based on (i) immunosensor, (ii) aptamer (iii) MIP, (iv) enzyme, (v) whole-cell and (vi) direct electrochemical approaches. The role of nanomaterials and sensor fabrication is discussed wherever necessary. Finally, the review discusses the challenges encountered and future perspectives. This review can serve as an insightful source of information, enhancing the awareness of the role of electrochemical biosensors in providing information for the preservation of the health of the public, of animals, and of our environment, globally.
抗生素的出现为治疗传染病带来了重大突破，但由于抗生素的过度使用，一些药物已经对微生物产生了耐药性。由于其结构复杂，大多数抗生素未经改变就被排泄出来，污染了水、土壤和自然资源。此外，由于在动物饲料中广泛使用抗生素，食物也受到了污染。环境样品中抗生素的正常浓度通常在 ng 到 g/L 之间。环境样品中抗生素浓度超过这些值会对疾病的发展和感染/疾病产生重大风险。据估计，在未来三十年（到 2050 年）内，将有 3 亿人过早死亡，世界卫生组织已宣布“抗生素耐药性”对公众健康构成严重的经济和社会危害。一些抗生素已被确认为潜在的环境污染物（EMA），并且正在研究其在各种基质（如食品、牛奶和环境样品）中的检测。目前，通常使用色谱技术与不同的检测器（如 HPLC、LC-MS）结合来进行抗生素分析。其他筛选方法包括光学方法、ELISA、电泳、生物传感器等。为了最小化抗生素相关问题（即 AMR 的发展）和当前可用的分析方法，已经研究了电化学平台，并可以提供具有成本效益、快速和便携的替代方案。尽管在这一领域取得了重大进展，但仍需要进一步发展电化学传感器，例如，通过使用多功能纳米材料和先进的（生物）材料来确保高效检测、灵敏度、便携性和可靠性。本综述总结了电化学生物传感器在牛奶/乳制品中抗生素检测的应用，并简要介绍了抗生素和 AMR 的发展情况，随后介绍了基于（i）免疫传感器、（ii）适体、（iii）MIP、（iv）酶、（v）全细胞和（vi）直接电化学方法的电化学生物传感器的发展情况。在必要的地方讨论了纳米材料和传感器制造的作用。最后，讨论了所遇到的挑战和未来展望。本综述可以作为一个有见地的信息来源，提高人们对电化学生物传感器在提供信息以保护公众、动物和我们的全球环境健康方面的作用的认识。
