Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli, Pabbineedi Sai Mounica, Nagaraj Sudeep, Bijalwan Shraddha, Tadakod Sunil, Uma Chandana Ramesh, Pawar Sanjay, Khan Pathan Yahaya, Teotia Vijay Kumar, Gulati Baldev Raj
ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India.
Western Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, State Level Animal Disease Investigation Laboratory, Aundh, Pune 411067, India.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Jun 13;13(6):641. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13060641.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vaccine mitigated LSD. Due to limited data on the spatiotemporal distribution of the disease, this study investigates its dynamics and presents findings from a field study conducted in Maharashtra, India. This study evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and duration of immunity provided by a heterologous vaccine. Additionally, it examines post-vaccination responses in relation to factors such as age, gender, and breed. : This study employed spatiotemporal analysis of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks from 2020 to 2024 using GeoDa (v1.22), incorporating Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics to identify spatial clustering patterns. A randomized field trial was conducted to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in 657 cattle across seven districts. Humoral immune responses were assessed using the serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cell-mediated immunity was evaluated via Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA. For sero-monitoring, a total of 1925 serum samples from 22 districts were analyzed. Additionally, statistical analyses ( = 1925), including the Kappa Index, ANOVA, and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS v27 to investigate the influence of factors such as age, sex, and breed (significance level: < 0.05). LSD exhibited significant spatial clustering across Maharashtra. The Goatpox vaccine was 100% safe, with no adverse reactions. Protective antibody titers (≥1:8) were observed in 96.9% of vaccinated cattle by 14-21 days post-vaccination (dpv), peaking at 60 dpv before declining at 150 dpv. The cell-mediated immune response peaked at 28 dpv. Clinical monitoring for one year showed that only 2% of vaccinated cattle developed mild LSD symptoms after nine months, with no mortality. At six months post-vaccination, seroconversion was 69.7%, with breed significantly influencing seropositivity. This study confirms the Goatpox vaccine's safety and strong immunogenicity in cattle, marking its first large-scale evaluation in the Indian subcontinent. Further research is needed to assess long-term immunity and protection against virulent LSD strains.
结节性皮肤病（LSD）是一种影响牛和水牛的主要跨界疾病，间接造成巨大的社会经济损失。自2019年在印度首次爆发以来，异源山羊痘（北阿坎德邦毒株）疫苗减轻了LSD的影响。由于关于该疾病时空分布的数据有限，本研究调查了其动态，并展示了在印度马哈拉施特拉邦进行的一项实地研究的结果。本研究评估了一种异源疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和免疫持续时间。此外，还研究了接种疫苗后与年龄、性别和品种等因素相关的反应。：本研究使用GeoDa（v1.22）对2020年至2024年结节性皮肤病（LSD）疫情进行了时空分析，纳入了莫兰指数（Moran's I）和Getis-Ord Gi*统计量以识别空间聚集模式。在七个区的657头牛中进行了一项随机实地试验，以评估疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。使用血清中和试验（SNT）和间接酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）评估体液免疫反应，同时通过干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）ELISA评估细胞介导的免疫。为了进行血清监测，共分析了来自22个区的1925份血清样本。此外，使用SPSS v27进行了包括卡帕指数、方差分析和逻辑回归在内的统计分析（n = 1925），以研究年龄、性别和品种等因素的影响（显著性水平：P < 0.05）。LSD在马哈拉施特拉邦呈现出显著的空间聚集。山羊痘疫苗100%安全，无不良反应。接种疫苗后14 - 21天（dpv），96.9%的接种牛观察到保护性抗体滴度（≥1:8），在60 dpv达到峰值，然后在150 dpv下降。细胞介导的免疫反应在28 dpv达到峰值。为期一年的临床监测表明，只有2%的接种牛在九个月后出现轻度LSD症状，无死亡情况。接种疫苗六个月后，血清转化率为69.7%，品种对血清阳性率有显著影响。本研究证实了山羊痘疫苗在牛中的安全性和强免疫原性，这是其在印度次大陆的首次大规模评估。需要进一步研究以评估长期免疫力和对强毒LSD毒株的保护作用。
