Wang Vivian L, Cheng Lucille G, Zhu Toby S, Patnaik Shyam, Tarin Tatum
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Curr Urol Rep. 2025 Jul 11;26(1):56. doi: 10.1007/s11934-025-01283-3.
To provide a primer for how augmented reality (AR)-guided surgical technology works at a fundamental level and discuss recent advances and limitations in a rapidly advancing field, including studies aiming to reduce current issues limiting wider adoption.
Among the studies published within the last five years, AR-guided technologies have advanced from pre-operative planning to intraoperative use in procedures including robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and renal transplantation. Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning techniques have allowed for development of automatic registration to address challenges with soft tissue deformation. Subspecialities which may benefit from further AR/MR adoption include reconstructive and andrology, which were underrepresented in our review. Augmented reality refers to the process of superimposing digital information (e.g., preoperative imaging) on top of the physical world. Along with its interactive counterpart, mixed reality (MR), AR has become an area of sustained research interest in the urological surgery space. This technology has significant implications for surgical accuracy, efficiency, and medical education. As a result, it is critical for clinicians to both be aware of advancements in the field and understand the basics of this technology. We discuss articles published from March 2021 to February 2025, across a range of urologic procedures and applications, and discuss how recent trends point to a shift towards higher-powered, prospective studies incorporating intraoperative usage of AR/MR.
从基础层面介绍增强现实（AR）引导的手术技术如何运作，并讨论这一快速发展领域的最新进展和局限性，包括旨在减少限制其更广泛应用的当前问题的研究。
在过去五年发表的研究中，AR引导技术已从术前规划发展到术中应用，涉及机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术、经皮肾镜取石术和肾移植等手术。人工智能（AI）和深度学习技术已实现自动配准的开发，以应对软组织变形带来的挑战。可能从进一步采用AR/混合现实（MR）中受益的亚专业包括重建外科和男科学，而这些在我们的综述中代表性不足。增强现实是指将数字信息（如术前影像）叠加在现实世界之上的过程。与交互式的混合现实（MR）一样，AR已成为泌尿外科手术领域持续研究的热点。这项技术对手术准确性、效率和医学教育具有重要意义。因此，临床医生既要了解该领域的进展，又要掌握这项技术的基础知识，这至关重要。我们讨论了2021年3月至2025年2月发表的涉及一系列泌尿外科手术和应用的文章，并讨论了近期趋势如何表明正朝着纳入AR/MR术中使用的更高水平、前瞻性研究转变。
