Gyllenhammar Irina, Benskin Jonathan P, Plassmann Merle, Kruså Martin, McCleaf Philip, Kallerman Pernilla Hedvall, Lampa Erik, Glynn Anders
Division of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), 106 91 Stockholm University, Sweden.
Environ Int. 2025 Aug;202:109671. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109671. Epub 2025 Jul 8.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-contaminated drinking water has been a significant source of human exposure to PFAS in Uppsala, Sweden. Herein, we investigated temporal trends of PFAS in serum samples collected three weeks after delivery from first-time mothers in Uppsala (1996-2022; n = 869), to determine whether efforts to remediate drinking water contamination have reduced maternal PFAS exposure. In addition, the impact of fish/seafood consumption as an exposure source was evaluated. PFAS were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and temporal trends were evaluated using adjusted cubic spline models. Linear (lin) and branched (br) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoate (PFOA) showed declining temporal trends, likely due to international regulation and phase-out initiatives. Later initiatives to restrict use and emissions of perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) likely explained the initial increased concentrations by 3-7% per year, up to 2007 or 2010, followed by decreasing trends, on average 2-3% per year. Drinking water contamination was likely responsible for the increase in serum br and lin perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) concentrations early in the study period, followed by a decline over the last decade associated with remediation of the drinking water contamination around 2012. However, even after remediation, drinking water appeared to contribute to perfluoropentanesulfonate (PFPeS) and PFHxS. Fish/seafood consumption was significantly associated with serum levels of lin PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA. Overall, PFAS exposure among first-time mothers in Uppsala has declined, resulting in a marked reduction in the proportion of mothers exceeding the serum reference value established by the European Food Safety Authority. Nevertheless, 54% of the mothers sampled from 2018 to 2022 still exceeded this level, showing that efforts to reduce PFAS exposure must continue for many years to come.
在瑞典乌普萨拉，受全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）污染的饮用水一直是人类接触PFAS的重要来源。在此，我们调查了乌普萨拉首次分娩母亲产后三周采集的血清样本中PFAS的时间趋势（1996 - 2022年；n = 869），以确定饮用水污染治理措施是否降低了母亲的PFAS暴露。此外，还评估了鱼类/海鲜消费作为暴露源的影响。通过超高效液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（UPLC - MS/MS）分析PFAS，并使用调整后的三次样条模型评估时间趋势。线性（lin）和支链（br）全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）以及全氟辛酸（PFOA）呈现出下降的时间趋势，这可能归因于国际法规和淘汰举措。后来限制全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟癸酸（PFDA）和全氟十一烷酸（PFUnDA）使用和排放的举措可能解释了在2007年或2010年之前浓度每年最初增加3 - 7%，随后呈下降趋势，平均每年下降2 - 3%。在研究初期，饮用水污染可能是血清中支链和线性全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）浓度增加的原因，随后在过去十年中随着2012年左右饮用水污染的治理而下降。然而，即使在治理之后，饮用水似乎仍对全氟戊烷磺酸（PFPeS）和PFHxS有贡献。鱼类/海鲜消费与血清中线性PFOS、PFNA、PFDA和PFUnDA水平显著相关。总体而言，乌普萨拉首次分娩母亲的PFAS暴露有所下降，导致超过欧洲食品安全局设定的血清参考值的母亲比例显著降低。尽管如此，2018年至2022年采样的母亲中有54%仍然超过该水平，这表明减少PFAS暴露的努力在未来许多年仍需继续。
