Jangid Himanshu, Panchpuri Mitali, Dutta Joydeep, Joshi Harish Chandra, Paul Maman, Karnwal Arun, Ahmad Akil, Alshammari Mohammed B, Hossain Kaizar, Pant Gaurav, Kumar Gaurav
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India.
Food Chem X. 2025 Jun 25;29:102696. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102696. eCollection 2025 Jul.
Foodborne diseases pose significant public health and economic challenges worldwide, with conventional pathogen detection methods, such as culture-based assays and PCR, often hindered by the complex food matrix in categories like dairy, seafood, fresh produce, and processed foods. These matrices, containing fats, proteins, biofilms, and salts, interfere with detection accuracy, reducing the sensitivity and robustness of traditional approaches. Nanoparticle-based detection systems have emerged as transformative tools to overcome these challenges, offering enhanced sensitivity, rapid detection, and adaptability to real-time monitoring. Gold, silver, magnetic, polymeric, and hybrid nanoparticles leverage their unique optical, magnetic, and functional properties to facilitate specific pathogen identification while mitigating food matrix interference. Recent advancements include nanoparticle-functionalized biosensors, magnetic separation platforms, and smart detection systems integrated with IoT and blockchain for traceability and real-time contamination alerts. However, challenges such as high production costs, regulatory gaps, and scalability hinder their full-scale adoption. This review critically examines matrix-specific adaptations of nanoparticle-based detection technologies, their comparative advantages over traditional methods, and their integration with smart technologies to ensure food safety. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, eco-friendly synthesis, and regulatory frameworks to address commercialization hurdles and revolutionize pathogen detection across the global food industry.
食源性疾病在全球范围内构成了重大的公共卫生和经济挑战，传统的病原体检测方法，如基于培养的检测方法和聚合酶链反应（PCR），常常受到乳制品、海鲜、新鲜农产品和加工食品等类别中复杂食物基质的阻碍。这些含有脂肪、蛋白质、生物膜和盐分的基质会干扰检测准确性，降低传统方法的灵敏度和稳健性。基于纳米颗粒的检测系统已成为克服这些挑战的变革性工具，具有更高的灵敏度、快速检测能力以及对实时监测的适应性。金、银、磁性、聚合物和混合纳米颗粒利用其独特的光学、磁性和功能特性，在减轻食物基质干扰的同时促进特定病原体的识别。最近的进展包括纳米颗粒功能化生物传感器、磁分离平台以及与物联网和区块链集成的智能检测系统，用于可追溯性和实时污染警报。然而，高生产成本、监管空白和可扩展性等挑战阻碍了它们的全面应用。本综述批判性地研究了基于纳米颗粒的检测技术针对特定基质的适应性、它们相对于传统方法的比较优势以及它们与智能技术的集成，以确保食品安全。未来的方向强调跨学科合作、环保合成以及监管框架，以应对商业化障碍并彻底改变全球食品行业的病原体检测。
