Pan Yujie, Yang Xianteng, Zeng Zhirui, Liu Futao, Luo Jin, Shen Mao, Zhou Wei, Li Jianyang, Jiang Guangfu, Sun Li, Huang Haifeng, Pan Runsang
Department of Trauma Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
J Extracell Vesicles. 2025 Jul;14(7):e70130. doi: 10.1002/jev2.70130.
Metastasis constitutes the principal factor leading to the unfavourable prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Hypoxia, as the inherent microenvironment of osteosarcoma, can upregulate HIF-1α via multiple pathways, thereby facilitating osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis. Our previous research indicated that the inwardly rectifying potassium channel subfamily J member 2 (KCNJ2) inhibits the degradation of HIF-1α in osteosarcoma. Concurrently, HIF-1α upregulates the expression of KCNJ2 through a positive feedback regulatory mechanism. This positive regulatory mechanism significantly promotes the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Therefore, the development of a KCNJ2-targeted therapeutic strategy capable of disrupting this reciprocal regulatory loop represents a crucial intervention for impeding osteosarcoma progression. The CRISPR/Cas9 targeted gene editing technology has garnered extensive attention in the field of tumour treatment due to its high efficiency and low off-target rate. Nevertheless, the relative lag of the delivery systems has restricted its application. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have a natural targeting specificity for osteosarcoma and possess superior biocompatibility, making them ideal carriers for in vivo delivery. However, it is essential to confirm whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system mediated by EVs can accurately function intracellularly. Hence, we developed a fluorescence-based Cas9 editing efficiency reporter system. When CRISPR/Cas9 system induces double-strand breaks at specific target sites and results in frameshift mutations, osteosarcoma cells will stably express GFP. This system enables the transformation of gene editing events into quantifiable fluorescence signals. Furthermore, we engineered radiolabelled EVs derived from BMSCs to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting KCNJ2. Using this reporter system, we confirmed their efficient gene-editing capabilities in vitro. Additionally, leveraging their radiolabelling properties, we validated their targeted distribution in vivo. Subsequent investigations revealed that our constructed I@EVs-Cas9 effectively suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma by targeting the inhibition of KCNJ2 expression and promoting HIF-1α ubiquitin-dependent degradation (as depicted in Graphical Abstract).
转移是导致骨肉瘤患者预后不良的主要因素。缺氧作为骨肉瘤的固有微环境,可通过多种途径上调缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α),从而促进骨肉瘤的增殖和转移。我们之前的研究表明,内向整流钾通道亚家族J成员2(KCNJ2)可抑制骨肉瘤中HIF-1α的降解。同时,HIF-1α通过正反馈调节机制上调KCNJ2的表达。这种正调节机制显著促进了骨肉瘤的增殖和转移。因此,开发一种能够破坏这种相互调节环的靶向KCNJ2的治疗策略是阻碍骨肉瘤进展的关键干预措施。CRISPR/Cas9靶向基因编辑技术因其高效性和低脱靶率在肿瘤治疗领域受到广泛关注。然而,递送系统的相对滞后限制了其应用。骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)分泌的细胞外囊泡(EV)对骨肉瘤具有天然的靶向特异性,并具有优异的生物相容性,使其成为体内递送的理想载体。然而,必须确认由EV介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统能否在细胞内准确发挥作用。因此,我们开发了一种基于荧光的Cas9编辑效率报告系统。当CRISPR/Cas9系统在特定靶位点诱导双链断裂并导致移码突变时,骨肉瘤细胞将稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)。该系统能够将基因编辑事件转化为可量化的荧光信号。此外,我们对源自BMSC的放射性标记EV进行工程改造,以递送靶向KCNJ2的CRISPR/Cas9系统。使用该报告系统,我们在体外证实了它们高效的基因编辑能力。此外,利用它们的放射性标记特性,我们在体内验证了它们的靶向分布。随后的研究表明,我们构建的I@EVs-Cas9通过靶向抑制KCNJ2表达和促进HIF-1α泛素依赖性降解,有效抑制了骨肉瘤的增殖和转移(如图示摘要所示)。
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