Aizarna-Lopetegui Uxue, Bittinger Sophia C, Álvarez Noa, Henriksen-Lacey Malou, Jimenez de Aberasturi Dorleta
CIC BiomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
Mater Today Bio. 2025 Jul 2;33:102035. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102035. eCollection 2025 Aug.
There is an existing need to develop 3D tissue models which correctly recapitulate healthy and diseased states. The most commonly used techniques focus on simplistic 2D cell culture techniques, themselves incapable of transmitting the complexity of multi-tissue arrangements, and archaic and unnecessary animal models which fail to reproduce species-dependent aspects. The advances in materials science and engineering approaches have opened the possibility to realistically design and even print, in 3D, complex tissue arrangements, aiming to reach full-scale organ printing. Significant improvements have been noted on the spatial and temporal scale, with excellent resolution and overall size being achieved, in addition to models with extensive lifespans. The application of 3D printing to achieve such models has been extensively reviewed. However, there remains an important lack of integration of physical and mechanical cues to achieve tissue responsiveness, aimed to mimic physiological conditions that occur frequently. With this in mind, we have conducted an extensive review of the literature related to stimuli-responsive materials compatible with 3D (bio)printing techniques. Such materials, often termed hybrid materials due to the combination of organic matrices with inorganic actuators, provide "life" to materials, thus adding an extra dimension to the printing technique and coining the term 4D (bio)printing. Examples of healthy cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and neural tissue models that specifically require the incorporation of dynamic features and pathological models are included.
目前存在开发能够正确模拟健康和疾病状态的3D组织模型的需求。最常用的技术侧重于简单的2D细胞培养技术，这些技术本身无法传递多组织排列的复杂性，以及过时且不必要的动物模型，这些模型无法再现物种特异性方面。材料科学和工程方法的进步为逼真地设计甚至3D打印复杂的组织排列开辟了可能性，旨在实现全尺寸器官打印。在空间和时间尺度上已经取得了显著进展，除了具有较长寿命的模型外，还实现了出色的分辨率和整体尺寸。3D打印在实现此类模型方面的应用已得到广泛综述。然而，在实现组织响应性方面，仍然严重缺乏物理和机械线索的整合，而组织响应性旨在模拟频繁出现的生理状况。考虑到这一点，我们对与3D（生物）打印技术兼容的刺激响应材料相关的文献进行了广泛综述。由于有机基质与无机致动器的结合，这类材料通常被称为混合材料，它们赋予材料“生命”，从而为打印技术增添了一个额外维度，并创造了术语4D（生物）打印。文中还列举了特别需要纳入动态特征的健康心血管、肌肉骨骼和神经组织模型以及病理模型的例子。
