Campiña José M, Silva António F, Pereira Carlos M
Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto-Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 19;15(7):467. doi: 10.3390/bios15070467.
Efficient and rapid detection of bacterial pathogens is crucial for food safety and effective disease control. While conventional methods such as PCR and ELISA are accurate, they are time-consuming, costly, and often require specialized infrastructure. Recently, electrochemical biosensors integrating graphene nanomaterials with bacteriophages-termed graphages-have emerged as promising platforms for pathogen detection, offering fast, specific, and highly responsive detection. This review critically examines all electrochemical biosensors reported to date that utilize graphene-phage hybrids. Key aspects addressed include the types of graphene nanomaterials and bacteriophages used, immobilization strategies, electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and sensor metrics-such as detection limits, linear ranges, and ability to perform in real matrices. Particular attention is given to the role of phage orientation, surface functionalization, and the use of receptor binding proteins. Finally, current limitations and opportunities for future research are outlined, including prospects for genetic engineering and sensor miniaturization. This review serves as a comprehensive reference for researchers developing phage-based biosensors, especially those interested in integrating carbon nanomaterials for improved electroanalytical performance.
高效快速地检测细菌病原体对于食品安全和有效的疾病控制至关重要。虽然诸如聚合酶链反应（PCR）和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）等传统方法准确，但它们耗时、成本高，且通常需要专门的基础设施。最近，将石墨烯纳米材料与噬菌体整合的电化学生物传感器——称为石墨烯噬菌体——已成为病原体检测的有前景的平台，提供快速、特异且高响应性的检测。本综述批判性地审视了迄今为止报道的所有利用石墨烯 - 噬菌体杂化物的电化学生物传感器。涉及的关键方面包括所使用的石墨烯纳米材料和噬菌体的类型、固定化策略、电化学转导机制以及传感器指标——如检测限、线性范围和在实际基质中运行的能力。特别关注噬菌体取向、表面功能化以及受体结合蛋白的使用的作用。最后，概述了当前的局限性和未来研究的机会，包括基因工程和传感器小型化的前景。本综述为开发基于噬菌体的生物传感器的研究人员，尤其是那些有兴趣整合碳纳米材料以改善电分析性能的研究人员提供了全面的参考。
