Zhang Wenying, Zhang Xiaotong, Xie Xiaomin, Liu Tingting, Song Fengjing, Chen Chengyu, Wang Chao, Jiang Linlin, Du Hang, Fan Lin, Han Xu, Sun Yiming, Li Li, Tysklind Mats, Wang Xianliang
China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Oct 15;383:126903. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126903. Epub 2025 Jul 25.
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been extensively used in the household environment globally for decades, posing persistent hazards. There is significant attention on the characteristics of PAEs in household dust (HD-PAEs) in China, driven by an increasing awareness of their endocrine-disruptor toxicity. In this study, 876 peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2023 were evaluated and screened for raw numerical data of HD-PAEs in residential households, including 27 papers available for final analysis. The national mean concentration of ∑8HD-PAEs was approximately 1002 mg/kg based on calculation of the samples-weighted mean concentration. Pollution levels in several provinces, including Shaanxi, Liaoning, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Hunan, and Beijing, exceeded the national average by 230 %, 209 %, 151 %, 84.6 %, 54.7 %, and 24.6 %, respectively. Spatial and temporal differences were observed in HD-PAEs pollution, with DEP, DMP and DCHP exhibiting higher concentrations in northern cities (P < 0.050), while DEP and DBP demonstrated higher concentrations in winter (P < 0.050). The two principal sources of HD-PAEs were identified through correlation analysis and principal component analysis: the use of plastic products and decoration materials (DEP, DEHP, DIBP and DMP accounted for 58.6 %), and personal care products (DBP accounted for 21.3 %). DEHP remains the predominant HD-PAEs, despite its concentration decreasing from 2005 to 2020. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP ranged from 2.45 × 10 to 2.45 × 10, and the non-carcinogenic risk of DEHP in Shaanxi (HI = 1.05), Chongqing (HI = 1.41), and Liaoning (HI = 1.41) exceeded the acceptable levels, with dermal contact and ingestion being the primary exposure routes. Based on these findings, we recommend prioritizing environmentally friendly building materials and minimizing the use of plastic products. Proper ventilation, especially during winter, and regular household cleaning and dust removal should be implemented to enhance environmental protection in homes. These measures can effectively reduce exposure to HD-PAEs and protect the health of residents.
几十年来，邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）在全球家庭环境中被广泛使用，带来了持久性危害。在中国，随着人们对PAEs内分泌干扰物毒性的认识不断提高，家庭灰尘中的PAEs（HD-PAEs）特性受到了广泛关注。在本研究中，对2000年至2023年发表的876篇同行评审论文进行了评估和筛选，以获取居民家庭中HD-PAEs的原始数值数据，最终有27篇论文可供分析。根据样本加权平均浓度计算，全国∑8HD-PAEs的平均浓度约为1002毫克/千克。包括陕西、辽宁、重庆、黑龙江、湖南和北京在内的几个省份的污染水平分别比全国平均水平高出230%、209%、151%、84.6%、54.7%和24.6%。观察到HD-PAEs污染存在时空差异，DEP、DMP和DCHP在北方城市的浓度较高（P<0.050），而DEP和DBP在冬季的浓度较高（P<0.050）。通过相关分析和主成分分析确定了HD-PAEs的两个主要来源：塑料制品和装饰材料的使用（DEP、DEHP、DIBP和DMP占58.6%）以及个人护理产品（DBP占21.3%）。尽管DEHP的浓度在2005年至2020年期间有所下降，但它仍然是主要的HD-PAEs。DEHP的致癌风险范围为2.45×10至2.45×10，陕西（HI=1.05）、重庆（HI=1.41）和辽宁（HI=1.41）的DEHP非致癌风险超过了可接受水平，皮肤接触和摄入是主要的暴露途径。基于这些发现，我们建议优先使用环保建筑材料并尽量减少塑料制品的使用。应进行适当通风，尤其是在冬季，并定期进行家庭清洁和除尘，以加强家庭环境保护。这些措施可以有效减少对HD-PAEs的暴露，保护居民健康。
