Multi-Omics Analysis Provides New Insights into the Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Fatty Acid Metabolism, and Immune Response in Cultured and Wild from the Yangtze River Area in China.

To elucidate the interactions among fatty acid metabolism, immune status, and gut microbiota, both cultured and wild from the Yangtze River were examined in China. The results demonstrated that wild exhibited markedly higher lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents, a greater ratio of total ω-3 PUFAs to total ω-6 PUFAs, and more active antioxidant enzymes compared to cultured . However, the shear force, water-holding capacity, and total n-6 PUFA content were lower in wild . Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns: wild upregulated immune-related genes, while cultured downregulated genes related to fatty acid metabolism. Significant differences were observed in alpha and beta diversity between cultured and wild groups. LEfSe analysis identified , , and as biomarkers for cultured , while eight genera, including and , were predominant in wild . Modular analysis identified five modules linked to immune functions and fatty acid metabolism. , , and were dominant in the first two modules, with and as key regulators of fatty acid metabolism and immune processes. These differences, likely due to gut microbiota variations, provide insights for nutritional studies.