CEA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as a Nanovaccine Platform: In Vitro Evaluation of Cytocompatibility, Cellular Uptake, and Antigen Processing.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) offer promising potential as nanocarriers in vaccine development due to their biocompatibility, tunable surface properties and capacity to enhance antigen presentation. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytocompatibility, cellular uptake and antigen processing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-functionalized AuNPs as a nanovaccine candidate. AuNPs were synthesized by citrate reduction and subsequently functionalized with CEA through physical adsorption. Nanoparticle size, morphology, and surface charge were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytocompatibility was assessed via MTT assay on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Cellular uptake and antigen processing were evaluated using hyperspectral dark-field microscopy and fluorescence microscopy with proteasomal pathway markers. The synthesized AuNPs displayed a uniform spherical morphology with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ~50 nm and a stable zeta potential. CEA conjugation slightly altered the surface charge and spectral profile. MTT assays confirmed good cytocompatibility across tested concentrations. Hyperspectral and confocal microscopy revealed the efficient uptake of CEA-AuNPs by RAW 264.7 cells and colocalization with lysosomal compartments, suggesting successful antigen processing. The in vitro data support the safety and biological interaction of CEA-functionalized AuNPs with macrophages. These findings highlight their potential as a nanovaccine delivery platform and warrant further in vivo evaluation to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy.