Ikram Muhammad, Salunke Prafulla, Numan Arshid, Sher Mazhar
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
Dairy and Food Science Department, Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
Mikrochim Acta. 2025 Aug 4;192(9):554. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07395-4.
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a cutting-edge carbon material with a unique porous architecture and superior electrochemical properties. Owing to its promising potential to immobilize various biological analytes, LIG has gained intense interest in the development of next-generation biosensors. Direct laser scribing on natural or polymeric substrate materials produces LIG electrodes with tunable properties, offers controlled microstructures, ease surface modifications, and doping with suitable elements, making it promising for electroanalytical measurements. Furthermore, LIG technology stands out as being cost-effective and supports environmental sustainability and eco-conscious solutions. These diverse features open new frontiers, making it suitable for fundamental applications in diverse fields, particularly in the food and dairy industry, where rapid, on-site, and precise monitoring is vital. This review comprehensively discusses fabrications of LIG-based biosensors with a focus on various laser sources, substrate materials, and surface modifications. The core sensing mechanisms of LIG biosensors are thoroughly summarized which enable high sensitivity and selectivity. However, special attention is given to LIG biosensors' applications in the food and dairy industry for the monitoring of food pathogens, food ingredients, food spoilage, biogenic amines, food additives, antibiotics, chemical contaminants, and pesticides. Finally, this review discusses the current challenges of LIG-based biosensors, such as reproducibility, stability, and integration into commercial industries, while offering a future outlook for potential applications. By highlighting recent advances and summarizing knowledge gaps, this review provides new insights into LIG-based sensors and their applications in the food and dairy industry to ensure food quality and safety.
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）已成为一种前沿碳材料，具有独特的多孔结构和优异的电化学性能。由于其在固定各种生物分析物方面具有广阔潜力，LIG在下一代生物传感器的开发中引起了广泛关注。在天然或聚合物基底材料上直接进行激光划刻可制备出具有可调性能的LIG电极，能实现可控的微观结构、易于进行表面修饰以及用合适元素进行掺杂，使其在电分析测量方面颇具前景。此外，LIG技术具有成本效益高的特点，支持环境可持续性和注重生态的解决方案。这些多样的特性开辟了新的领域，使其适用于多个领域的基础应用，特别是在食品和乳制品行业，快速、现场和精确的监测至关重要。本文综述全面讨论了基于LIG的生物传感器的制备，重点关注各种激光源、基底材料和表面修饰。对LIG生物传感器的核心传感机制进行了全面总结，这些机制可实现高灵敏度和高选择性。然而，特别关注了LIG生物传感器在食品和乳制品行业中用于监测食品病原体、食品成分、食品变质、生物胺、食品添加剂、抗生素、化学污染物和农药的应用。最后，本文综述讨论了基于LIG的生物传感器当前面临的挑战，如可重复性、稳定性以及融入商业行业的问题，同时对潜在应用给出了未来展望。通过突出近期进展并总结知识差距，本文综述为基于LIG的传感器及其在食品和乳制品行业中的应用提供了新的见解，以确保食品质量和安全。
