Kianpour Maryam, Milany Zahra Babaahmady, Pirhadi Masoume
Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
J Educ Health Promot. 2025 Jul 4;14:240. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_2040_23. eCollection 2025.
Given the relatively high incidence of cigarette and hookah use in Iran, coupled with their detrimental effects on both mother and fetus, this study primarily aims to explore the correlation between cigarette and hookah smoking during pregnancy and the intensity of pain, duration of the first, second, and third stages of labor, weight of the placenta, and anthropometric measurements of neonates.
This cross-sectional study involved 174 pregnant women in Isfahan, Iran, in 2022. Participants were chosen based on specific inclusion criteria and were categorized into two groups: those exposed to both passive and active smoke ( = 87) and those unexposed ( = 87). Labor pain, duration of labor stages, and placenta weight were assessed using the Visual Pain Scale, a stopwatch, and a digital scale, respectively, and were documented in a checklist.
The duration of labor stages in the smoke-exposed group was significantly longer than that in the nonexposed group. Moreover, the smoke-exposed group experienced higher pain intensity than in the nonexposed ( < 0.001). The mean neonate birth weight (2906.35 ± 419.62 vs. 3137.81 ± 342.76, < 0.001), placenta weight (364.18 ± 64.97 vs. 419.21 ± 52.66, < 0.001), and head circumference (34.27 ± 2.55 vs. 34.46 ± 1.29, = 0.015) in the exposed group were significantly lower than those in the nonexposed group ( < 0.001).
Exposure to both passive and active cigarette and hookah smoke during pregnancy has a detrimental impact on neonate anthropometrics, pain intensity, and the duration of labor.
鉴于伊朗香烟和水烟的使用率相对较高，再加上它们对母亲和胎儿都有有害影响，本研究主要旨在探讨孕期吸烟和吸食水烟与疼痛强度、第一、第二和第三产程持续时间、胎盘重量以及新生儿人体测量指标之间的相关性。
这项横断面研究于2022年在伊朗伊斯法罕对174名孕妇进行。参与者根据特定纳入标准选取，并分为两组：被动和主动吸烟暴露组（n = 87）和非暴露组（n = 87）。分别使用视觉疼痛量表、秒表和数字秤评估产痛、产程持续时间和胎盘重量，并记录在检查表中。
吸烟暴露组的产程持续时间明显长于非暴露组。此外，吸烟暴露组的疼痛强度高于非暴露组（P < 0.001）。暴露组新生儿平均出生体重（2906.35 ± 419.62 vs. 3137.81 ± 342.76，P < 0.001）、胎盘重量（364.18 ± 64.97 vs. 419.21 ± 52.66，P < 0.001）和头围（34.27 ± 2.55 vs. 34.46 ± 1.29，P = 0.015）均显著低于非暴露组（P < 0.001）。
孕期被动和主动接触香烟和水烟烟雾对新生儿人体测量指标、疼痛强度和产程持续时间有不利影响。
