Malatesta Manuela, Carton Flavia
Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
Center for Medical Sciences (CISMed), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Aug 3;15(15):1188. doi: 10.3390/nano15151188.
Ozone (O) occurs in nature as a chemical compound made of three oxygen atoms. It is an unstable, highly oxidative gas that rapidly decomposes into oxygen. The therapeutic use of O dates back to the beginning of the 20th century and is currently based on the application of low doses, inducing a moderate oxidative stress that stimulates the antioxidant cellular defenses without causing cell damage. Low O doses also induce anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects, and their anticancer potential is under investigation. In addition, the oxidative properties of O make it an excellent antibacterial, antimycotic, and antiviral agent. Thanks to these properties, O is currently widely used in several medical fields. However, its chemical instability represents an application limit, and ozonated oil is the only stabilized form of medical O. In recent years, novel O formulations have been proposed for their sustained and more efficient administration, based on nanotechnology. This review offers an overview of the nanocarriers designed for the delivery of medical O, and of their therapeutic applications. The reviewed articles demonstrate that research is active and productive, though it is a rather new entry in the nanotechnological field. Liposomes, nanobubbles, nanoconstructed hydrogels, polymeric nanoparticles, and niosomes were designed to deliver O and have been proven to exert antiseptic, anticancer, and pro-regenerative effects when administered in vitro and in vivo. Improving the therapeutic administration of O through nanocarriers is a just-started challenge, and multiple prospects may be foreseen.
臭氧（O₃）在自然界中以由三个氧原子组成的化合物形式存在。它是一种不稳定的、高氧化性气体，会迅速分解为氧气。臭氧的治疗用途可追溯到20世纪初，目前基于低剂量的应用，诱导适度的氧化应激，刺激细胞抗氧化防御而不造成细胞损伤。低剂量臭氧还具有抗炎和再生作用，其抗癌潜力正在研究中。此外，臭氧的氧化特性使其成为一种出色的抗菌、抗真菌和抗病毒剂。由于这些特性，臭氧目前在多个医学领域得到广泛应用。然而，其化学不稳定性是一个应用限制，而臭氧化油是医用臭氧的唯一稳定形式。近年来，基于纳米技术提出了新型臭氧制剂，以实现其持续和更有效的给药。本综述概述了为输送医用臭氧而设计的纳米载体及其治疗应用。所综述的文章表明，尽管这在纳米技术领域是一个相当新的领域，但研究活跃且富有成果。脂质体、纳米气泡、纳米构建水凝胶、聚合物纳米颗粒和非离子表面活性剂泡囊被设计用于输送臭氧，并已证明在体外和体内给药时具有防腐、抗癌和促进再生的作用。通过纳米载体改善臭氧的治疗给药是一个刚刚开始的挑战，并且可以预见有多种前景。
