Wang Yunfei, Zhang Zhenlei, Shi Ruohan, Dai Shiqun, Jia Weidong, Ou Mingxiong, Dong Xiang, Yan Mingde
School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 31;25(15):4729. doi: 10.3390/s25154729.
The multiscale interactive system composed of wind, leaves, and droplets serves as a critical dynamic unit in precision orchard spraying. Its coupling mechanisms fundamentally influence pesticide transport pathways, deposition patterns, and drift behavior within crop canopies, forming the foundational basis for achieving intelligent and site-specific spraying operations. This review systematically examines the synergistic dynamics across three hierarchical scales: Droplet-leaf surface wetting and adhesion at the microscale; leaf cluster motion responses at the mesoscale; and the modulation of airflow and spray plume diffusion by canopy architecture at the macroscale. Key variables affecting spray performance-such as wind speed and turbulence structure, leaf biomechanical properties, droplet size and electrostatic characteristics, and spatial canopy heterogeneity-are identified and analyzed. Furthermore, current advances in multiscale modeling approaches and their corresponding experimental validation techniques are critically evaluated, along with their practical boundaries of applicability. Results indicate that while substantial progress has been made at individual scales, significant bottlenecks remain in the integration of cross-scale models, real-time acquisition of critical parameters, and the establishment of high-fidelity experimental platforms. Future research should prioritize the development of unified coupling frameworks, the integration of physics-based and data-driven modeling strategies, and the deployment of multimodal sensing technologies for real-time intelligent spray decision-making. These efforts are expected to provide both theoretical foundations and technological support for advancing precision and intelligent orchard spraying systems.
由风、树叶和液滴组成的多尺度交互系统是精准果园喷雾中的关键动态单元。其耦合机制从根本上影响着农药在作物冠层内的传输路径、沉积模式和漂移行为，构成了实现智能和精准喷雾作业的基础。本文综述系统地研究了三个层次尺度上的协同动力学：微观尺度上液滴与叶片表面的润湿和粘附；中观尺度上叶簇的运动响应；宏观尺度上冠层结构对气流和喷雾羽流扩散的调制。识别并分析了影响喷雾性能的关键变量，如风速和湍流结构、叶片生物力学特性、液滴大小和静电特性以及冠层空间异质性。此外，对多尺度建模方法的当前进展及其相应的实验验证技术进行了严格评估，以及它们的实际适用范围。结果表明，虽然在各个尺度上都取得了显著进展，但在跨尺度模型的整合、关键参数的实时获取以及高保真实验平台的建立方面仍存在重大瓶颈。未来的研究应优先开发统一的耦合框架，整合基于物理和数据驱动的建模策略，并部署多模态传感技术以进行实时智能喷雾决策。这些努力有望为推进精准和智能果园喷雾系统提供理论基础和技术支持。
