Aziman Eli Syafiqah, Ismail Aznan Fazli, Jubri Siti Fatimah, Abd Rahman Amalina, Rosli Khairiah, Idris Wan Mohd Razi, Abd Rahim Sahibin
Nuclear Energy & Radiological Assessment (NERA), University Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia.
Nuclear Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 18;15(1):30260. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14864-6.
Condisoil is an innovative soil conditioner formulated from industrial by-products specifically Water Leach Purification and Neutralisation Underflow residues derived from rare-earth processing. This study investigates its potential to improve sandy soils for paddy cultivation, a vital sector for Malaysia's food security. Unlike conventional soil amendments, Condisoil promotes sustainability by repurposing industrial by-products and addressing disposal challenges. However, due to its origin, assessing elemental distribution and soil-to-rice grain transfer factors is essential to ensure its agricultural safety. Activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORM) Ra, Ra, and K in Condisoil-treated soils ranged from 66.5 to 143.1, 49.7 to 70.6, and 391.6 to 432.2 Bq/kg, respectively, over two paddy planting seasons. In rice grains, NORM levels were significantly lower, ranging from 0.93 to 9.20 (Ra), 0.03 to 0.53 (Ra), and 89.14 to 147.95 (K) Bq/kg. Heavy metal As, Sb, Cr, Cd, and Pb concentrations in soils remained below Malaysian safety standards, while rice grains contained in the range of 0.2-1.4, 0.7-3.0, 0.1-0.1, and 0.5-1.8 mg/kg, respectively. TF values for radionuclides and heavy metals ranged from 0.00 to 0.00-0.30 and 0.01-1.0, respectively. The estimated annual effective dose from rice consumption remained below the 1.0 mSv/year safety threshold. While the uptake of most elements was minimal, lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) exhibited HI values > 1, and the TF value of cadmium (Cd) was > 1, indicating potential health risks. Therefore, environmental monitoring is essential before large-scale application. This study highlights Condisoil's potential in sustainable agriculture and waste valorization, though strict heavy metal monitoring protocols are necessary to ensure long-term food safety when using industrial by-products as soil conditioners.
康迪索尔是一种创新型土壤改良剂，由工业副产品制成，特别是稀土加工产生的水浸净化中和底流残渣。本研究调查了其改善砂质土壤用于水稻种植的潜力，水稻种植对马来西亚的粮食安全至关重要。与传统土壤改良剂不同，康迪索尔通过重新利用工业副产品和解决处置难题来促进可持续性。然而，由于其来源，评估元素分布和土壤到稻米的转移因子对于确保其农业安全性至关重要。在两个水稻种植季节中，经康迪索尔处理的土壤中天然存在的放射性核素（NORM）镭-226、镭-228和钾-40的活度浓度分别为66.5至143.1、49.7至70.6和391.6至432.2贝克勒尔/千克。在稻米中，NORM水平显著较低，分别为0.93至9.20（镭-226）、0.03至0.53（镭-228）和89.14至147.95（钾-40）贝克勒尔/千克。土壤中重金属砷、锑、铬、镉和铅的浓度仍低于马来西亚安全标准，而稻米中的含量分别为0.2 - 1.4、0.7 - 3.0、0.1 - 0.1和0.5 - 1.8毫克/千克。放射性核素和重金属的转移因子值分别为0.00至0.00 - 0.30和0.01 - 1.0。估计因食用稻米产生的年有效剂量仍低于1.0毫希沃特/年的安全阈值。虽然大多数元素的吸收量极小，但铅（Pb）和锑（Sb）的危害指数值>1，镉（Cd）的转移因子值>1，表明存在潜在健康风险。因此，在大规模应用之前进行环境监测至关重要。本研究突出了康迪索尔在可持续农业和废物资源化方面的潜力，不过在使用工业副产品作为土壤改良剂时，严格的重金属监测方案对于确保长期食品安全是必要的。
