Rónavári Andrea, Kachal Edi, Igaz Nóra, Szerencsés Bettina, Kutus Bence, Pfeiffer Ilona, Kiricsi Mónika, Kónya Zoltán
Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1., Csongrád-Csanád County, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Csongrád-Csanád County, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
ACS Omega. 2025 Aug 4;10(32):35793-35808. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c02607. eCollection 2025 Aug 19.
Due to the limitations of conventional synthesis and the growing utilization of nanoparticles, recent efforts have shifted to green approaches such as utilizing plant waste extracts. A novel initiative to repurpose household and agricultural green waste for the generation of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) offers a sustainable, low-cost alternative that addresses environmental and economic concerns. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the multi-round recyclability of (CA), green tea (GT), and Virginia creeper (VC) waste for AgNP production, then conduct a comprehensive physicochemical and bioactivity characterization of the nanoparticles. The study was designed to prepare AgNPs using waste from CA, GT, and VC generated by one, two, and three rounds of leftover extractions, then the obtained nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Their toxicity on malignant and nonmalignant human cells was evaluated by viability assays, the antimicrobial performance was assessed on Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and against and by microdilution method. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined by a staining method, and the AgNP-related silver ion release was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Our findings confirmed successful synthesis of AgNPs utilizing recycled waste materials; nevertheless, the plant type and extraction round influenced AgNP properties to a unique combination of nanoparticle size and stability. All AgNPs showed strong toxicity against human cancer cells, albeit affecting also noncancerous fibroblasts. GT-derived AgNPs exerted potent antibacterial activity, while those by VC had strong antifungal effects. The observed bioactivity correlated with the increasing number of extraction cycles and was the result of enhanced silver ion-releasing capability that culminated in increased ROS levels. These findings demonstrate the viability of multi-round extract recycling for sustainable AgNP synthesis and suggest potential applications in industrial fields such as antimicrobial air filtration systems.
由于传统合成方法的局限性以及纳米颗粒应用的不断增加，近期的研究重点已转向绿色合成方法，例如利用植物废料提取物。一项将家庭和农业绿色废料重新用于生产银纳米颗粒（AgNP）的新举措，提供了一种可持续、低成本的替代方案，解决了环境和经济问题。在此背景下，我们旨在评估咖啡渣（CA）、绿茶（GT）和五叶地锦（VC）废料用于生产AgNP的多轮可回收性，然后对纳米颗粒进行全面的物理化学和生物活性表征。该研究旨在使用一轮、两轮和三轮剩余提取物产生的CA、GT和VC废料制备AgNP，然后通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、紫外可见（UV-vis）光谱、动态光散射（DLS）和X射线粉末衍射（XRD）对所得纳米材料进行表征。通过活力测定评估它们对恶性和非恶性人类细胞的毒性，通过微量稀释法评估对革兰氏阳性、革兰氏阴性细菌的抗菌性能。通过染色法检测活性氧（ROS）的产生，并通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量与AgNP相关的银离子释放。我们的研究结果证实了利用回收废料成功合成了AgNP；然而，植物类型和提取轮次对AgNP的性质产生了影响，形成了纳米颗粒尺寸和稳定性的独特组合。所有AgNP对人类癌细胞均表现出强烈毒性，尽管也会影响非癌性成纤维细胞。GT衍生的AgNP具有强大的抗菌活性，而VC衍生的AgNP具有很强的抗真菌作用。观察到的生物活性与提取循环次数的增加相关，并且是银离子释放能力增强的结果，最终导致ROS水平升高。这些发现证明了多轮提取物回收用于可持续AgNP合成的可行性，并暗示了在抗菌空气过滤系统等工业领域的潜在应用。
