Comparative Roles of Hydrogels, Deep Eutectic Solvents, and Ionic Liquids in Enzyme-Based Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biomimetics Devices.

The development of enzyme-based bioelectronic devices, including biosensors and biomimetic systems, has significantly advanced with the introduction of innovative materials such as hydrogels, deep eutectic solvents (DES), and ionic liquids (ILs). These materials offer unique advantages in enhancing biodevice performance, particularly in enzyme stabilization, biocompatibility, and electrochemical sensitivity. Hydrogels, known for their high water content and flexibility, provide an ideal matrix for enzyme immobilization in biological applications but are limited by low ionic conductivity. DES, with their green chemistry credentials and ability to stabilize enzymes under harsh conditions, show great promise, although scalability and performance in complex biological systems remain challenges. ILs, with their superior electron transfer capabilities, enable high sensitivity in electrochemical biosensors, though issues of viscosity and potential toxicity need to be addressed for broader biomedical use. This review provides a comparative analysis of the roles of these materials in enzyme-based biosensors and bioelectronics, including microbatteries and bioelectrosynthesis, highlighting their respective strengths, limitations, and future opportunities. The integration of these materials holds great potential for advancing bioelectronics technologies, with applications spanning medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. By addressing current challenges and optimizing these materials for large-scale use, the future of enzyme-based devices could see significant improvements in efficiency, sensitivity, and sustainability.