Badeenezhad Ahmad, Abbasi Fariba, Moazamfard Mostafa, Yousefinejad Saeed, Sabaghan Mohamad, Veisi Ali, Parseh Iman, Azadbakht Omid, Mohammadpour Amin
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 27;15(1):31576. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17096-w.
Fuel combustion is a major source of volatile organic compounds such as benzene, a known human carcinogen. Benzene is metabolized into intermediate biomarkers that can be used to assess the extent of exposure. This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary concentrations of creatinine (Cr), muconic acid (MA), trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA), and hippuric acid (HA) with demographic, lifestyle, and occupational factors among motorcyclists exposed to heavy traffic in the Shiraz metropolis, both before and after shift work. Data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and working conditions were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires. Urinary biomarkers were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed by HPLC with a strong basic anion-exchange cartridge (60 mg/3 mL). The results confirmed a significant increase in biomarker concentrations, particularly HA, after the work shift. Notably, HA levels exceeded the recommended limit in 13.79% of pre-shift samples and 68.97% of post-shift samples. A significant odds ratio (OR) for elevated HA was observed in relation to smoking (OR: 6.37), proximity to traffic, and having a second job. Additionally, riders over the age of 40 were more likely than younger individuals to exceed acceptable tt-MA levels after their shift. Before the work shift, tt-MA levels were partially associated with lifestyle factors such as higher BMI (OR = 2.89; 2.69–19.28), smoking (OR = 1.87; 0.1–11.5), and engagement in a second job. These findings provide evidence of a synergistic effect between demographic and lifestyle factors, increasing the health risks faced by workers during shift-based occupations.
燃料燃烧是挥发性有机化合物的主要来源，如苯，一种已知的人类致癌物。苯会代谢为中间生物标志物，可用于评估接触程度。本研究旨在调查设拉子大都市中暴露于繁忙交通的摩托车手在轮班工作前后，尿中肌酐（Cr）、粘康酸（MA）、反式，反式-粘康酸（tt-MA）和马尿酸（HA）浓度与人口统计学、生活方式和职业因素之间的关联。通过结构化访谈和问卷收集了人口统计学特征、生活习惯和工作条件的数据。使用固相萃取方法提取尿生物标志物，并通过配备强碱性阴离子交换柱（60 mg/3 mL）的高效液相色谱法进行分析。结果证实，轮班工作后生物标志物浓度显著增加，尤其是HA。值得注意的是，HA水平在班前样本的13.79%和班后样本的68.97%中超过了推荐限值。在吸烟（比值比：6.37）、靠近交通和从事第二份工作方面，观察到HA升高的显著比值比（OR）。此外，40岁以上的骑手在轮班后比年轻人更有可能超过可接受的tt-MA水平。在轮班工作前，tt-MA水平与生活方式因素部分相关，如较高的体重指数（OR = 2.89；2.69 - 19.28）、吸烟（OR = 1.87；0.1 - 11.5）和从事第二份工作。这些发现提供了人口统计学和生活方式因素之间协同作用的证据，增加了从事轮班工作的工人面临的健康风险。
