Lesgards Jean-François, Cerdan Dominique, Perronne Christian
Independent Researcher, 13397 Marseille, France.
Independent Researcher, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 15;26(16):7879. doi: 10.3390/ijms26167879.
COVID affects around 400 million individuals today with a strong economic impact on the global economy. The list of long COVID symptoms is extremely broad because it is derived from neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and renal dysfunctions and damages. We review here these pathophysiological manifestations and the predictors of this multi-organ pathology like the persistence of the virus, altered endothelial function, unrepaired tissue damage, immune dysregulation, and gut dysbiosis. We also discuss the similarities between long COVID and vaccine side effects together with possible common immuno-inflammatory pathways. Since the spike protein is present in SARS-CoV-2 (and its variants) but also produced by the COVID vaccines, its toxicity may also apply to all mRNA or adenoviral DNA vaccines as they are based on the production of a very similar spike protein to the virus. After COVID infection or vaccination, the spike protein can last for months in the body and may interact with ACE2 receptors and mannan-binding lectin (MBL)/mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP-2), which are present almost everywhere in the organism. As a result, the spike protein may be able to trigger inflammation in a lot of organs and systems similar to COVID infection. We suggest that three immuno-inflammatory pathways are particularly key and responsible for long COVID and COVID vaccine side effects, as it has been shown for COVID, which may explain in large part their strong similarities: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the kininogen-kinin-kallikrein system (KKS), and the lectin complement pathway. We propose that therapeutic studies should focus on these pathways to propose better cures for both long COVID as well as for COVID vaccine side effects.
如今，新冠病毒感染影响着约4亿人，对全球经济造成了巨大的经济冲击。新冠长期症状的清单极为广泛，因为它源于神经、心血管、呼吸、免疫和肾脏功能障碍及损伤。我们在此回顾这些病理生理表现以及这种多器官病变的预测因素，如病毒的持续存在、内皮功能改变、未修复的组织损伤、免疫失调和肠道菌群失调。我们还将讨论新冠长期症状与疫苗副作用之间的相似性以及可能的共同免疫炎症途径。由于刺突蛋白存在于新冠病毒（及其变体）中，也由新冠疫苗产生，其毒性可能也适用于所有mRNA或腺病毒DNA疫苗，因为它们基于产生与病毒非常相似的刺突蛋白。在感染新冠病毒或接种疫苗后，刺突蛋白可在体内持续数月，并可能与机体几乎各处都存在的血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）受体和甘露糖结合凝集素（MBL）/甘露糖结合凝集素丝氨酸蛋白酶2（MASP-2）相互作用。因此，刺突蛋白可能能够在许多器官和系统中引发类似于新冠病毒感染的炎症。我们认为，三种免疫炎症途径尤为关键，是新冠长期症状和新冠疫苗副作用的原因，正如在新冠病毒感染中所显示的那样，这在很大程度上可能解释了它们的高度相似性：肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）、激肽原-激肽-激肽释放酶系统（KKS）和凝集素补体途径。我们建议治疗研究应聚焦于这些途径，以便为新冠长期症状以及新冠疫苗副作用提出更好的治疗方法。
