Shi Jiuyun, Li Pengju, Kim Saehyun, Tian Bozhi
Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nat Rev Bioeng. 2025 Jun;3(6):485-504. doi: 10.1038/s44222-025-00285-7. Epub 2025 Mar 20.
Electroceuticals are bioelectronic devices that provide or modulate electrical or electrochemical signals to regulate physiological functions. In particular, devices designed for energy conversion are capable of transforming electrical energy into alternative forms of energy, such as heat or light, or vice versa, thereby enabling the photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of biological systems, for example, to control muscle movement or cardiac rhythm. Such energy conversion approaches offer remote control and enhanced precision, surpassing the limitations of direct tissue and cell stimulation with traditional electroceutical devices, such as pacemakers, including mechanical mismatch at interfaces and wired communication. In this Review, we explore the fundamental principles of photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of cells and tissues, emphasizing behaviour under physiological conditions. We then examine the development and application of implantable bioelectronics that use photoelectrochemical and electrochemical processes for modulation. Finally, we discuss future directions for energy conversion devices in implantable electroceuticals.
电药物是一种生物电子设备，可提供或调节电信号或电化学信号以调节生理功能。特别是，设计用于能量转换的设备能够将电能转换为其他形式的能量，如热或光，反之亦然，从而实现生物系统的光电化学和电化学调制，例如控制肌肉运动或心律。这种能量转换方法提供了远程控制并提高了精度，克服了传统电药物设备（如起搏器）直接刺激组织和细胞的局限性，包括界面处的机械不匹配和有线通信。在本综述中，我们探讨了细胞和组织的光电化学和电化学调制的基本原理，重点关注生理条件下的行为。然后，我们研究了利用光电化学和电化学过程进行调制的可植入生物电子学的发展和应用。最后，我们讨论了可植入电药物中能量转换设备的未来发展方向。
