Tan Laurence, Yu Chou Chuen, Choo Robin, Le Mai Khanh, Ng Reuben, Tierney Tanya, Lim Evelyn, Lim Daphne, Liaw Sok Ying, Hansra Gurpreet, Ho Yun Ying, Ngeow Colin, Chia Siew Chin, Low James Alvin
Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
SAGE Open Med. 2025 Aug 28;13:20503121251365011. doi: 10.1177/20503121251365011. eCollection 2025.
Clinical empathy is a crucial skill for healthcare professionals, enhancing patient outcomes, and satisfaction. However, existing scales, such as the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, focus primarily on cognitive empathy, overlooking the affective component. This gap highlights the need for a validated tool that measures both cognitive and affective empathy in healthcare professionals. This study developed and validated a multidimensional scale-the Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale-for assessing both cognitive and affective empathy in healthcare professionals and students.
This three-phase study involved item generation, reduction, and validation, using literature reviews, qualitative studies, and survey methodologies. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to test the scale's validity. The Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale was constructed using a five-domain theoretical model: Empathetic Connections, Valuing Empathy, Empathetic Behaviours, Genuine Concern, and Perspective Taking. After content validation and exploratory factor analysis, the scale was reduced to 26 items with high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of 0.94).
There were a total of 977 participants, comprising doctors, medical students, nurses, and nursing students from acute hospitals, community hospitals, medical schools, and nursing schools. The final 26-item Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with factor loadings confirming the multidimensionality of clinical empathy. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the scale's four-factor structure, and the scale was validated across diverse healthcare settings with robust reliability and Content Validity Index (0.90).
The Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale provides a comprehensive, validated tool for measuring both cognitive and affective empathy in healthcare professionals and students. Its multidimensional structure offers potential for broader applications in clinical education and research.
临床同理心是医疗保健专业人员的一项关键技能，可改善患者治疗效果并提高满意度。然而，现有的量表，如杰斐逊同理心量表，主要侧重于认知同理心，而忽略了情感成分。这一差距凸显了需要一种经过验证的工具来测量医疗保健专业人员的认知和情感同理心。本研究开发并验证了一种多维量表——多维临床同理心量表——用于评估医疗保健专业人员和学生的认知和情感同理心。
这项三阶段研究涉及项目生成、缩减和验证，采用了文献综述、定性研究和调查方法。应用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析来检验该量表的有效性。多维临床同理心量表是使用一个五领域理论模型构建的：同理心联系、重视同理心、同理心行为、真诚关怀和换位思考。经过内容验证和探索性因素分析后，该量表缩减为26个项目，具有较高的内部一致性（克朗巴赫α系数为0.94）。
共有977名参与者，包括来自急症医院、社区医院、医学院和护理学院的医生、医学生、护士和护理学生。最终的26项多维临床同理心量表显示出强大的心理测量特性，因素负荷证实了临床同理心的多维性。验证性因素分析证实了该量表的四因素结构，并且该量表在不同的医疗环境中得到验证，具有稳健的信度和内容效度指数（0.90）。
多维临床同理心量表为测量医疗保健专业人员和学生的认知和情感同理心提供了一种全面、经过验证的工具。其多维结构为在临床教育和研究中的更广泛应用提供了潜力。
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