Al-Huqail Arwa Abdulkreem, Al-Malki Muna Abdul-Rahman, Melebari Dalia Mohammad, Osman Hanan El Sayed, Alshehri Dikhnah, Alghanem Suliman Mohammed Suliman, Abeed Amany H A, Mousavi Hesam
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Biology Department, College of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Plant Signal Behav. 2025 Dec 31;20(1):2553803. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2025.2553803. Epub 2025 Sep 6.
Soil contamination with salinity and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. Although plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria PGPR and organic agents such as salicylic acid (SA) are considered major protectants to alleviate abiotic stresses, the study of these bacteria and organic acids to ameliorate the toxic effects of salinity and Cd remains limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of PGPR and SA on enhancing the phytoremediation of salinity (100 mM NaCl) and Cd (50 µM CdCl₂) using rice ( L.) plants. The research results indicated that elevated levels of salinity and Cd stress in soil significantly ( < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange attributes. However, salinity and Cd stress also induced oxidative stress in the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (HO) by 44% and 38%, respectively, which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and also the gene expression and sugar content. Furthermore, a significant ( < 0.05) increase in cadmium accumulation, potential health risk indices, proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle, and the pigmentation of cellular components was observed. Although the application of PGPR and SA showed a significant ( < 0.05) increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, microbial diversity, functional gene abundance in the rhizosphere, enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds, and their gene expression, and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of PGPR and SA enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased metal accumulation by 37% in shoots, proline metabolism, and the AsA-GSH cycle in plants. These results provide new insights for sustainable agricultural practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of salinity and heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils.
由于社会经济的快速发展，土壤受盐分和镉（Cd）等重金属污染正成为一个严重的全球性问题。尽管植物促生根际细菌（PGPR）和水杨酸（SA）等有机试剂被认为是缓解非生物胁迫的主要保护剂，但关于这些细菌和有机酸改善盐分和镉毒性效应的研究仍然有限。因此，本研究旨在调查PGPR和SA对利用水稻（L.）植株增强盐分（100 mM NaCl）和镉（50 μM CdCl₂）植物修复的单独和联合效应。研究结果表明，土壤中盐分和镉胁迫水平升高显著（<0.05）降低了植物生长、生物量、光合色素和气体交换特性。然而，盐分和镉胁迫还通过分别使丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（HO）增加44%和38%，在植物中诱导了氧化胁迫，这也导致各种酶促和非酶促抗氧化剂化合物、基因表达和糖含量增加。此外，观察到镉积累、潜在健康风险指数、脯氨酸代谢、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环以及细胞成分色素沉着显著（<0.05）增加。尽管施用PGPR和SA显示植物生长、生物量、气体交换特征、根际微生物多样性、功能基因丰度、酶促和非酶促化合物及其基因表达显著（<0.05）增加，并且还降低了氧化胁迫。此外，施用PGPR和SA增强了细胞分级分离，并使植物地上部的金属积累减少了37%，脯氨酸代谢以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环也得到改善。这些结果为可持续农业实践提供了新见解，并在应对农业土壤盐分和重金属污染的紧迫挑战方面具有巨大潜力。
