Robotic surgery in healthcare: current challenges, technological advances, and global implementation prospects.

Robotic surgery has transformed the field of surgery, offering enhanced precision, minimal invasiveness, and improved patient outcomes. This narrative review explores the multifaceted aspects of robotic surgery, examining the challenges, recent advances, and future prospects for its integration into healthcare. Our comprehensive analysis of 48 studies reveals significant geographic disparities in robotic surgery research and implementation, with 68.8% of studies originating from high-income countries. Despite its potential, the widespread adoption of robotic surgery faces significant obstacles, including high costs, training requirements, limited accessibility, and ethical considerations. Financial constraints make it difficult for resource-limited healthcare facilities to afford these systems, whilst the absence of standardised training restricts the pool of proficient robotic surgeons. Furthermore, ethical and medico-legal concerns about liability and patient consent complicate its adoption. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are enhancing robotic systems with real-time decision support and personalised surgical approaches. In addition, telemedicine and remote robotic surgery show promise for expanding access to underserved areas. Looking forward, the development of affordable, portable robotic systems and integration of data-driven analytics are key to addressing current challenges and optimising patient care. This review provides a globally minded analysis of implementation barriers and identifies critical needs for more inclusive research and culturally appropriate solutions for diverse healthcare contexts. A multi-stakeholder approach involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and technology companies is crucial for overcoming these barriers and realising robotic surgery's full potential. As solutions to cost, training, and accessibility emerge, robotic surgery is expected to become a fundamental component of healthcare, offering substantial improvements in patient outcomes and operational efficiency.