Saleem Abdelrahman, El-Shahir Amany Atta
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
BMC Plant Biol. 2025 Sep 11;25(1):1200. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07205-2.
Apples are important for human nutrition because these provide vital nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, that are needed for a balanced diet. A suitable environment for the growth and survival of various microorganisms is also provided by multiple nutrients, such as carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. Penicillium spp. are the cause of blue mold, one of the most common postharvest apple fruit diseases. Using morphological description and ITS gene sequencing, the current study aimed to identify Penicillium isolates associated with infected apple. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to demonstrate these isolates' capability for producing mycotoxins.
The initial identification of fungi was based on micromorphological characteristics, growth texture, and colony patterns. Penicillium (35.01%) and Talaromyces (15.62%) were the most prevalent fungal genera. These isolates' morphological identity was validated by ITS gene amplification and sequencing. The generated fragments' ITS gene sequencing values were 477, 480, 510, 478, and 478 bps for Penicillium expansum strain AP1, Penicillium crustosum strain AP2, Talaromyces atroroseus strain AP3, Penicillium expansum strain AP4, and Penicillium expansum strain AP5, respectively. It was examined whether the five isolates could produce citrinin and patulin. The highest value of toxins was recorded for patulin (24180 ppb), that produced by P. expansum AP5, followed by P. crustosum AP2 (19360 ppb). However, the highest value for citrinin was 24890 ppb detected for P. expansum AP4, followed by P. expansum AP5 (19320 ppb).
Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, Penicillium crustosum, and Talaromyces atroroseus. These isolates have the ability to produce citrinin and patulin with different degrees. So blue mold is one of the most harmful diseases in post-harvest apple fruits.
苹果对人类营养很重要，因为它们提供维持均衡饮食所需的重要营养素，包括维生素和矿物质。碳水化合物、矿物质、维生素和氨基酸等多种营养物质也为各种微生物的生长和生存提供了适宜的环境。青霉属是导致蓝霉病的病原菌，蓝霉病是苹果采后最常见的病害之一。本研究旨在通过形态学描述和ITS基因测序，鉴定与受感染苹果相关的青霉分离株。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）证明这些分离株产生霉菌毒素的能力。
真菌的初步鉴定基于微观形态特征、生长质地和菌落形态。青霉属（35.01%）和篮状菌属（15.62%）是最常见的真菌属。通过ITS基因扩增和测序验证了这些分离株的形态特征。扩展青霉AP1菌株、 crustosum AP2菌株、黑篮状菌AP3菌株、扩展青霉AP4菌株和扩展青霉AP5菌株的ITS基因测序片段长度分别为477、480、510、478和478 bp。检测了这5株分离株是否能产生桔霉素和展青霉素。展青霉素产生的毒素含量最高（24180 ppb），由扩展青霉AP5产生，其次是 crustosum AP2（19360 ppb）。然而，扩展青霉AP4检测到的桔霉素最高含量为24890 ppb，其次是扩展青霉AP5（19320 ppb）。
扩展青霉、 crustosum和黑篮状菌引起苹果蓝霉病。这些分离株具有不同程度产生桔霉素和展青霉素的能力。因此，蓝霉病是苹果采后最有害的病害之一。
