Spotts J V, Shontz F C
Int J Addict. 1985 Oct;20(10):1545-65. doi: 10.3109/10826088509047245.
No single intervention strategy can solve all problems of drug abuse. Large-scale methods do not contribute to understanding or solving the problems of individual persons. Research on individuals shows that each major drug of abuse produces a distinctive ego state. Heavy, chronic users choose drugs which generate states that provide the illusion of solving personal problems, the origins of which are traceable to early personal development. A previously described theory attributed these problems to difficulties in Ego development. It is also necessary, however, to account for numinous factors. This is accomplished by postulating the existence of the Self, an unconscious counterpart of the Ego. Successful personal development carries both Ego and Self along a spiraling course through the major crises of individuation. The relationship of Self and Ego is expressed by life themes. These derive from myths that live themselves out as autonomous complexes in an individual's life. Therapists who treat individuals must work with the Self as well as the Ego. This means recognizing and dealing with mythic factors. Although the basic theory in this paper was derived from studying heavy, chronic drug users, it is general in nature and applies to all persons.
没有单一的干预策略能够解决药物滥用的所有问题。大规模的方法无助于理解或解决个人的问题。对个体的研究表明，每一种主要的滥用药物都会产生一种独特的自我状态。重度、长期使用者选择的药物会产生一种状态，这种状态能提供解决个人问题的错觉，而这些问题的根源可追溯到早期的个人发展。一种先前描述的理论将这些问题归因于自我发展中的困难。然而，也有必要考虑一些神秘因素。这是通过假设自我的存在来实现的，自我是自我意识的无意识对应物。成功的个人发展会使自我和本我沿着一条螺旋式的道路经历个体化的主要危机。自我与本我的关系通过生活主题来表达。这些主题源于神话，它们在个体的生活中作为自主情结得以展现。治疗个体的治疗师必须同时处理自我和本我。这意味着要认识并处理神话因素。虽然本文的基本理论源自对重度、长期吸毒者的研究，但它本质上具有普遍性，适用于所有人。
