Wu Ying, Fan Zihan, Wang Zhou, Lv Jiawei, Yang Nan
Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, P. R. China.
Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, P. R. China.
J Sports Sci Med. 2025 Sep 1;24(3):696-706. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2025.696. eCollection 2025 Sep.
This study investigated the effects of acute and repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on recovery following high-intensity swim training. Thirty male amateur freestyle swimmers (21 ± 1 years, with at least 2 years of training experience) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: sham IPC (SHAM, n = 10, 4×5 min, 20 mmHg), acute IPC (AIPC, n = 10, 4×5 min, 220 mmHg), or repeated IPC (RIPC, n = 10, 7 days×4×5 min, 220 mmHg). A 7×200m swim incremental load training was conducted 20 minutes after the intervention. External load measures (grip strength, upper limb work, lower limb relative peak torque, average power) and internal load measures [limb circumferences, creatine kinase (CK), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)] were recorded at baseline, immediately, 24h and 48h post exercise. For external load, RIPC exhibited higher upper limb total work and average power than SHAM at all post-training points ( < 0.05), while AIPC exceeded SHAM at 48h ( < 0.05). For internal load, immediately post-training, RIPC had higher T-AOC, lower MDA and IL-6 than the other two groups ( < 0.05); AIPC showed lower MDA than SHAM ( < 0.05). At 24h, RIPC had higher T-AOC than the other two groups; both RIPC and AIPC had lower MDA and IL-6 than SHAM ( < 0.05). Moreover, RIPC had lower CK than SHAM at 24h and 48h ( < 0.05). Findings indicated that both AIPC and RIPC, compared to SHAM, promoted internal and external recovery following intensive swim training, with RIPC being more effective. These results suggest that incorporating repeated IPC sessions into athletes' training routines could be a practical strategy to optimize recovery and improve subsequent performance.
本研究调查了急性和重复缺血预处理（IPC）对高强度游泳训练后恢复情况的影响。30名男性业余自由泳运动员（21±1岁，至少有2年训练经验）被随机分为三组之一：假IPC组（SHAM，n = 10，4×5分钟，20 mmHg）、急性IPC组（AIPC，n = 10，4×5分钟，220 mmHg）或重复IPC组（RIPC，n = 10，7天×4×5分钟，220 mmHg）。干预后20分钟进行7×200米游泳递增负荷训练。在基线、运动后即刻、24小时和48小时记录外部负荷指标（握力、上肢功、下肢相对峰值扭矩、平均功率）和内部负荷指标[肢体周长、肌酸激酶（CK）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）]。对于外部负荷，在所有训练后时间点，RIPC组的上肢总功和平均功率均高于SHAM组（P<0.05），而AIPC组在48小时时超过SHAM组（P<0.05）。对于内部负荷，训练后即刻，RIPC组的T-AOC较高，MDA和IL-6低于其他两组（P<0.05）；AIPC组的MDA低于SHAM组（P<0.05）。在24小时时，RIPC组的T-AOC高于其他两组；RIPC组和AIPC组的MDA和IL-6均低于SHAM组（P<0.05）。此外，在24小时和48小时时，RIPC组的CK低于SHAM组（P<0.05）。研究结果表明，与SHAM组相比，AIPC组和RIPC组均促进了高强度游泳训练后的内部和外部恢复，其中RIPC组更有效。这些结果表明，将重复IPC训练纳入运动员的训练常规可能是优化恢复和提高后续表现的一种实用策略。
