Żebrowska Aleksandra, Sikora Marcin, Mikołajczyk Rafał, Gerasimuk Dagmara, Thuany Mabliny, Weiss Katja, Knechtle Beat, Hall Barbara
Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
Department of Physiology, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
J Sports Sci Med. 2025 Sep 1;24(3):613-625. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2025.613. eCollection 2025 Sep.
This study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in normobaric hypoxia on aerobic performance in young biathlon athletes. In addition, the study aimed to assess the impact of training in hypoxia on the mechanisms of exercise-induced motor performance fatigue. In a randomized, controlled crossover study twelve athletes (age 15.7 ± 1.0 years) completed a HIIT in normobaric hypoxia (hypoxia training) (fraction of inspired oxygen, FO = 15.2%) and normoxia (normoxia training) in a randomized order. The HIIT was performed 3 days/week for 6 weeks (3 weeks in hypoxia and 3 weeks in normoxia, with a 3 week wash-out period in between) and consisted of 5 x 4 minutes running (80% of peak oxygen uptake), separated by 3 minutes of active recovery and 4 x 1minute arm cranking (60% peak power), interspersed with a 2 minute rest. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pro-inflammatory cytokines, muscle damage biomarkers and total antioxidant status were analyzed before and after both training protocols (HT and NT). A significant effect of hypoxia on V̇O (ηp = 0.321, = 0.044) and hypoxia and training on V̇OLT and haemoglobin concentrations (ηp = 0.689 = 0.001) were observed. The V̇O was significantly higher post-HT compared to pre-HT ( < 0.01). A significant effect of oxygen conditions and training on the serum post-exercise VEGF (ηp = 0.352, = 0.033) and myoglobin concentrations (ηp = 0.647 = 0.001) was found. A significant effect of hypoxia was also observed for cytokines levels: interleukin-6 (ηp = 0.324 = 0.042), tumour necrosis factor alpha (ηp = 0.474 = 0.009) and transforming growth factor beta (ηp= 0.410, = 0.018) with a non-significant effect on antioxidant status. This study shows significant differences in the aerobic performance and biomarkers of muscle damage after exposure to hypoxia training. These findings highlight that HIIT in hypoxia is sufficient to enhance aerobic performance and may also reduce skeletal muscle susceptibility to fatigue in young biathletes.
本研究调查了常压低氧环境下高强度间歇训练（HIIT）对年轻冬季两项运动员有氧能力的影响。此外，该研究旨在评估低氧训练对运动诱发的运动表现疲劳机制的影响。在一项随机对照交叉研究中，12名运动员（年龄15.7±1.0岁）以随机顺序完成了常压低氧环境下的HIIT（低氧训练）（吸入氧分数，FO = 15.2%）和常氧环境下的HIIT（常氧训练）。HIIT每周进行3天，共6周（低氧环境下3周，常氧环境下3周，中间有3周的洗脱期），包括5组4分钟跑步（摄氧量峰值的80%），中间间隔3分钟积极恢复，以及4组1分钟手臂曲柄运动（峰值功率的60%），期间穿插2分钟休息。在两种训练方案（低氧训练和常氧训练）前后，分析了摄氧量峰值（V̇O）、低氧诱导因子1α（HIF1α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、促炎细胞因子、肌肉损伤生物标志物和总抗氧化状态。观察到低氧对V̇O有显著影响（ηp = 0.321，P = 0.044），低氧和训练对V̇OLT和血红蛋白浓度有显著影响（ηp = 0.689，P = 0.001）。与低氧训练前相比，低氧训练后V̇O显著更高（P < 0.01）。发现氧条件和训练对运动后血清VEGF（ηp = 0.352，P = 0.033）和肌红蛋白浓度有显著影响（ηp = 0.647，P = 0.001）。低氧对细胞因子水平也有显著影响：白细胞介素-6（ηp = 0.324，P = 0.042）、肿瘤坏死因子α（ηp = 0.474，P = 0.009）和转化生长因子β（ηp = 0.410，P = 0.018），而对抗氧化状态无显著影响。本研究表明，低氧训练后有氧能力和肌肉损伤生物标志物存在显著差异。这些发现突出表明，低氧环境下的HIIT足以提高有氧能力，还可能降低年轻冬季两项运动员骨骼肌的疲劳易感性。
