Multi-Scale Attention Networks with Feature Refinement for Medical Item Classification in Intelligent Healthcare Systems.

The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in intelligent healthcare systems has elevated the demand for robust medical imaging and vision-based inventory solutions. For an intelligent healthcare inventory system, accurate recognition and classification of medical items, including medicines and emergency supplies, are crucial for ensuring inventory integrity and timely access to life-saving resources. This study presents a hybrid deep learning framework, EfficientDet-BiFormer-ResNet, that integrates three specialized components: EfficientDet's Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) for scalable multi-scale object detection, BiFormer's bi-level routing attention for context-aware spatial refinement, and ResNet-18 enhanced with triplet loss and Online Hard Negative Mining (OHNM) for fine-grained classification. The model was trained and validated on a custom healthcare inventory dataset comprising over 5000 images collected under diverse lighting, occlusion, and arrangement conditions. Quantitative evaluations demonstrated that the proposed system achieved a mean average precision (@0.5:0.95) of 83.2% and a top-1 classification accuracy of 94.7%, outperforming conventional models such as YOLO, SSD, and Mask R-CNN. The framework excelled in recognizing visually similar, occluded, and small-scale medical items. This work advances real-time medical item detection in healthcare by providing an AI-enabled, clinically relevant vision system for medical inventory management.