Candido Aline Carare, Azevedo Francilene Maria, Ribeiro Sarah Aparecida Vieira, Navarro Anderson Marliere, Macedo Mariana de Souza, Fontes Edimar Aparecida Filomeno, Crispim Sandra Patricia, Carvalho Carolina Abreu de, Pizato Nathalia, da Silva Danielle Góes, Faria Franciane Rocha de, Velásquez Meléndez Jorge Gustavo, Míriam Carmo Rodrigues Barbosa, Sperandio Naiara, Pereira Renata Junqueira, Priore Silvia Eloiza, Franceschini Sylvia do Carmo Castro
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nutrients. 2025 Aug 26;17(17):2753. doi: 10.3390/nu17172753.
Iodine is an important nutrient for the human body, used in the production of thyroid hormones. During pregnancy, a deficiency can cause miscarriage and hypothyroidism, while an excess can cause thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with the iodine nutritional status of pregnant Brazilian women. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted with pregnant women over 18 years of age, users of the Unified Health System (SUS). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic information. Iodine status was assessed by urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The iodine content of salt and homemade and industrial seasonings was determined by the titrimetric method. Dietary intake was estimated through a 24-hour dietary recall. The chi-square test and hierarchical multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. Among Brazilian pregnant women, the median UIC was 186.7 µg/L (P25: 118.05 µg/L-P75: 280.93 µg/L). Regarding iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of deficiency was 36.7% (n = 694), above the requirement was 28.7% (n = 543), and excess iodine intake was 3.6% (n = 68). We observed that non-white pregnant women were more likely (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.27-2.64) to have iodine deficiency, and those who did not work were less likely (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.98). Pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy were less likely to have iodine intake above the requirements (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31-0.88). A substantial proportion of pregnant women had iodine deficiency or intake above the required level. Iodine deficiency is more chance among non-white pregnant women and less chance among those not employed during pregnancy. On the other hand, pregnant women who were in their third trimester of pregnancy were less likely to have iodine intake above the required level.
碘是人体重要的营养素，用于甲状腺激素的合成。孕期碘缺乏会导致流产和甲状腺功能减退，而碘过量则会导致甲状腺功能障碍。因此，本研究的目的是评估与巴西孕妇碘营养状况相关的因素。这是一项横断面多中心研究，对象为18岁以上使用统一卫生系统（SUS）的孕妇。采用半结构化问卷获取社会人口学信息。通过尿碘浓度（UIC）评估碘状态。采用滴定法测定盐、自制调味料和工业调味料中的碘含量。通过24小时膳食回顾估计膳食摄入量。采用卡方检验和分层多项逻辑回归进行统计分析。显著性水平设定为≤0.05。在巴西孕妇中，UIC中位数为186.7µg/L（第25百分位数：118.05µg/L - 第75百分位数：280.93µg/L）。关于碘营养状况，碘缺乏患病率为36.7%（n = 694），碘摄入量高于需求量的患病率为28.7%（n = 543），碘摄入过量的患病率为3.6%（n = 68）。我们观察到，非白人孕妇碘缺乏的可能性更大（OR = 1.83；95%置信区间：1.27 - 2.64），而未工作的孕妇碘缺乏的可能性较小（OR = 0.71；95%置信区间：0.52 - 0.98）。妊娠晚期孕妇碘摄入量高于需求量的可能性较小（OR = 0.52；95%置信区间：0.31 - 0.88）。相当一部分孕妇存在碘缺乏或碘摄入量高于所需水平的情况。非白人孕妇碘缺乏的可能性更大，孕期未工作的孕妇碘缺乏的可能性较小。另一方面，妊娠晚期孕妇碘摄入量高于所需水平的可能性较小。
