Sánchez-Ávila N, Carmona-Cabello M, Cano-Galey M, Romero P E, Dorado M P
Dept. of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK.
Mater Circ Econ. 2025;7(1):36. doi: 10.1007/s42824-025-00186-5. Epub 2025 Sep 11.
3D printing is increasingly present in many industrial applications, where petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) is gaining importance. This is due to both its mechanical properties and ease of printing. In this context, with the aim of reducing the presence of plastics during the manufacturing process, the addition of olive pomace (OP) as an additive is proposed. OP is a residue from the olive oil industry that represents an environmental challenge, due to its high content of organic matter and phytotoxic compounds. To optimize the fabrication and further analysis of 3D printing filaments composed of a mixture of PETG and OP, a design of experiment (DoE) was used. To gain knowledge about the relationship between mechanical properties of different OP/PETG blends, OP particle size as filler, and extrusion number to produce the optimal filament, analysis of variance (ANOVA) besides response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. Additionally, thermogravimetric (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the new composite material blends were carried out. Subsequently, different OP/PETG filaments were produced via material extrusion additive manufacturing. This study revealed that the addition of 8% (v/v), < 100 µm OP particle size, fabricated using a double extrusion process, to PETG composites exhibited significantly enhanced mechanical properties. In particular, the incorporation of OP filler resulted in a remarkable increase in yield strength (35%), tensile strength (8.4%), and Young's modulus (27%). Furthermore, slight improvement in ductility, evidenced by an increase in elongation at yield (4.18%) and at break (5.16%), demonstrates the potential of OP as a valuable and sustainable reinforcement material for PETG composites. These findings pave the way for the development of high-performance environmentally friendly materials derived from residues, in the context of circular economies, for applications that require stiffer, stronger, and more tenacious material than straight PETG.
3D打印在许多工业应用中越来越普遍，其中石油基聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二醇（PETG）正变得越来越重要。这归因于其机械性能和易于打印的特性。在此背景下，为了减少制造过程中塑料的使用，有人提出添加橄榄果渣（OP）作为添加剂。OP是橄榄油行业的一种残渣，由于其含有高含量的有机物和植物毒性化合物，对环境构成挑战。为了优化由PETG和OP混合物组成的3D打印长丝的制造及进一步分析，采用了实验设计（DoE）方法。为了了解不同OP/PETG共混物的机械性能、作为填料的OP粒径以及生产最佳长丝的挤出次数之间的关系，除了响应面方法（RSM）外，还应用了方差分析（ANOVA）。此外，还对新型复合材料共混物进行了热重分析（TGA）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）、红外（IR）光谱分析和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析。随后，通过材料挤出增材制造生产了不同的OP/PETG长丝。这项研究表明，在PETG复合材料中添加8%（v/v）、粒径小于100 µm的OP颗粒，并采用双挤出工艺制造，其机械性能得到显著增强。特别是，加入OP填料后，屈服强度（提高35%）、拉伸强度（提高8.4%）和杨氏模量（提高27%）都有显著增加。此外，延展性略有改善，屈服伸长率（提高4.18%）和断裂伸长率（提高5.16%）证明了OP作为PETG复合材料有价值且可持续的增强材料的潜力。这些发现为在循环经济背景下，开发源自残渣的高性能环保材料铺平了道路，这些材料可用于比纯PETG更硬、更强、更坚韧的材料的应用中。
