Olinic Mara-Simina, Stretea Roland, Cherecheș Cristian
Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Sep 17;15(18):2359. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15182359.
Wearable devices capable of continuously sampling movement, autonomic arousal and neuro-electrical activity are emerging as promising complements to traditional assessment and treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). By moving data collection from the clinic to everyday settings, these technologies offer an unprecedented window onto the moment-to-moment fluctuations that characterise the condition. Drawing on a comprehensive literature search spanning 2013 to February 2025 across biomedical and engineering databases, we reviewed empirical studies that used commercial or research-grade wearables for ADHD-related diagnosis, monitoring or intervention. Titles and abstracts were screened against predefined inclusion criteria, with full-text appraisal and narrative synthesis of the eligible evidence. A narrative synthesis was conducted, with inclusion criteria targeting empirical studies of wearable devices applied to ADHD for monitoring, mixed monitoring-plus-intervention, or intervention-only applications. No quantitative pooling was undertaken due to heterogeneity of designs, endpoints, and analytic methods. The reviewed body of work demonstrates that accelerometers, heart-rate and electrodermal sensors, and lightweight EEG headsets can enrich clinical assessment by capturing ecologically valid markers of hyperactivity, arousal and attentional lapses. Continuous monitoring studies suggest that wearable-derived metrics align with symptom trajectories and medication effects, while early intervention trials explore haptic prompts, attention-supporting apps and non-invasive neuromodulation delivered through head-worn devices. Across age groups, participants generally tolerate these tools well and value the objective feedback they provide. Nevertheless, the literature is limited by heterogeneous study designs, modest sample sizes and short follow-up periods, making direct comparison and clinical translation challenging. Current evidence paints an optimistic picture of the feasibility and acceptability of wearables in ADHD, yet larger, standardised and longer-term investigations are needed to confirm their clinical utility. Collaboration between clinicians, engineers and policymakers will be crucial to address data-privacy, equity and cost-effectiveness concerns and to integrate wearable technology into routine ADHD care.
能够持续采集运动、自主神经觉醒和神经电活动数据的可穿戴设备，正成为对注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）传统评估和治疗的有前景的补充手段。通过将数据收集从诊所转移到日常环境，这些技术为了解该病症特征性的瞬间波动提供了前所未有的窗口。通过对2013年至2025年2月期间生物医学和工程数据库进行全面的文献检索，我们回顾了使用商业或研究级可穿戴设备进行ADHD相关诊断、监测或干预的实证研究。根据预先定义的纳入标准筛选标题和摘要，并对符合条件的证据进行全文评估和叙述性综合分析。进行了叙述性综合分析，纳入标准针对应用于ADHD监测、监测加干预或仅干预应用的可穿戴设备的实证研究。由于设计、终点和分析方法的异质性，未进行定量汇总。所审查的工作表明，加速度计、心率和皮肤电传感器以及轻便的脑电图耳机可以通过捕捉多动、觉醒和注意力 lapses的生态学有效指标来丰富临床评估。持续监测研究表明，可穿戴设备得出的指标与症状轨迹和药物效果一致，而早期干预试验则探索通过头戴式设备提供的触觉提示、注意力支持应用程序和非侵入性神经调节。在各个年龄组中，参与者通常对这些工具耐受性良好，并重视它们提供的客观反馈。然而，文献受到研究设计异质性、样本量适中以及随访期短的限制，使得直接比较和临床转化具有挑战性。目前的证据对可穿戴设备在ADHD中的可行性和可接受性描绘了一幅乐观的图景，但需要更大规模、标准化和长期的调查来证实它们的临床效用。临床医生、工程师和政策制定者之间的合作对于解决数据隐私、公平性和成本效益问题以及将可穿戴技术整合到ADHD常规护理中至关重要。
