Laser-Driven Surface Alloying of Ti6Al4V: Coupled Microstructural Evolution, Phase Behavior, and Mechanical Performance.

This study investigates the microstructural and mechanical evolution of Ti6Al4V alloy surfaces modified through laser surface alloying (LSA) with antimicrobial elements silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) to enhance surface performance for biomedical applications. The as-received Ti6Al4V exhibited a typical equiaxed α-β microstructure with baseline hardness. Following LSA treatment using a 1000 W pulsed laser, distinct transformations were observed in the melt zone (MZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ), influenced by the specific alloying element. Ag incorporation led to the development of ultrafine acicular martensitic structures and a higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries, resulting in moderate hardness improvement. In contrast, Cu alloying promoted the formation of TiCu intermetallic phases, dendritic morphologies, and pronounced solute segregation, leading to a more significant increase in hardness. Electron Backscatter Diffraction(EBSD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses revealed grain refinement, texture evolution, and elemental redistribution across the modified regions, while X-ray Diffraction XRD confirmed the presence of new phases. The comparative analysis highlights that although both Ag and Cu improve microstructural complexity and hardness, Cu-modified zones exhibited higher hardness values than Ag-modified zones, suggesting a stronger surface strengthening effect under the tested conditions. These findings contribute valuable insights into the structure-property relationships of LSA-modified Ti alloys, supporting their potential for durable and antimicrobial biomedical implants.