Galbicka G, Platt J R
J Exp Anal Behav. 1984 May;41(3):291-308. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1984.41-291.
Lever pressing of squirrel monkeys postponed brief electric shock according to a free-operant shock-postponement procedure. Pressing also produced shock with a probability proportional to the duration of the current interresponse time in some conditions, or to the fifth ordinally-preceding interresponse time in others. These conditions provided equal frequencies and temporal distributions of response-produced shocks either contingent on or independent of the current interresponse-time duration, respectively. Shock delivered contingent on the current interresponse-time duration resulted in shorter mean interresponse times and higher overall response rates that shock delivered independent of the current interresponse time. In subsequent conditions, response-produced shocks were sufficient to maintain responding following suspension of the postponement procedure only when those shocks were contingent on the current interresponse time. Presenting shock independent of the current interresponse time, conversely, suppressed response rate and ultimately led to cessation of responding in the absence of a conjoint shock-postponement procedure. These results demonstrate interresponse-time punishment in the absence of any indirect avoidance contingencies based on overall shock-frequency reduction, and strongly support similar interpretation at the more local level of shock-frequency reduction correlated with particular interresponse times. Differential punishment of long interresponse times also provides both an a priori basis for predicting whether a schedule of shock presentation will maintain or suppress responding and a framework for interpreting many of the functional relations between overall response rate and parameters of consequent shock presentation. Finally, these results and others indicate the importance of response-consequence contiguity above and beyong any notion of noncontiguous contingency in the control of behavior.
松鼠猴的杠杆按压行为根据一种自由操作电击延迟程序可推迟短暂电击。在某些情况下，按压还会以与当前反应间隔时间长短成比例的概率引发电击，而在其他情况下，则与倒数第五个反应间隔时间成比例。这些条件分别提供了与当前反应间隔时间长短相关或无关的、由反应引发的电击的相等频率和时间分布。与当前反应间隔时间长短相关的电击导致平均反应间隔时间更短，总体反应率更高，而与当前反应间隔时间无关的电击则不然。在随后的条件下，只有当反应引发的电击与当前反应间隔时间相关时，这些电击才足以在延迟程序暂停后维持反应。相反，呈现与当前反应间隔时间无关的电击会抑制反应率，并最终导致在没有联合电击延迟程序的情况下反应停止。这些结果证明了在没有基于总体电击频率降低的任何间接回避条件的情况下的反应间隔时间惩罚，并有力地支持了在与特定反应间隔时间相关的更局部的电击频率降低层面上的类似解释。对长反应间隔时间的差别惩罚也为预测电击呈现时间表是会维持还是抑制反应提供了一个先验基础，并为解释总体反应率与后续电击呈现参数之间的许多功能关系提供了一个框架。最后，这些结果和其他结果表明，在行为控制中，反应与结果的接近性比任何非连续条件的概念更重要。
