Jaffe Y, Maoz B, Avram L
Br J Med Psychol. 1979 Sep;52(3):253-8. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02522.x.
Changes in conceptions and attitudes towards mental illness and the mentally ill were investigated in Israel. Questionnaires were presented to 69 student nurses, assessing stereotyped image, authoritarianism, social restrictiveness, benevolence, mental hygiene ideology and interpersonal aetiology before and after psychiatric affiliation in two kinds of mental hospitals, or before and after classroom instruction only. The findings lend cultural generality to previous observations and demonstrate that: (a) classroom instruction is ineffective as an agent of change; (b) practical experience involving personal confrontation with mental patients in a progressive psychiatric hospital, which contradicts the stereotyped image of mental patients and inculcates positive attitudes towards them, results in a change to a more professional scientific orientation and a more humane, accepting and liberal attitude; (c) under hospital conditions which support the stereotyped conception and authoritarian restrictive attitudes, the confrontation will result in preservation, even consolidation and strengthening, of the stereotyped image and undesirable attitudes towards mental patients. The findings were discussed and the implications for training programmes were drawn.
在以色列，对人们关于精神疾病和精神病患者的观念及态度变化进行了调查。向69名学生护士发放了问卷，评估他们在两种精神病院进行精神科实习前后，或仅在课堂教学前后的刻板印象、独裁主义、社会限制、仁爱、精神卫生观念及人际病因学。研究结果证实了先前观察的文化普遍性，并表明：（a）课堂教学作为变革因素效果不佳；（b）在进步的精神病院与精神病人进行个人接触的实践经验，与精神病人的刻板印象相矛盾，并灌输了对他们的积极态度，会导致向更专业科学的方向转变，以及更人道、包容和开明的态度；（c）在支持刻板观念和独裁限制态度的医院环境下，这种接触会导致对精神病人的刻板印象以及不良态度得以保留，甚至强化。对研究结果进行了讨论，并得出了对培训项目的启示。
