Bates J E, Freeland C A, Lounsbury M L
Child Dev. 1979 Sep;50(3):794-803.
The Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ) was developed as a short, factor-analytic screening device for difficultness. Responses of 322 mothers of 4-6-month-old infants suggested that they regard the fussy, hard-to-soothe, labile infant as difficult. Mother report on the ICQ, particularly on the main fussy-difficult factor was found to have adequate reliability over time and convergence with the Carey Survey of Temperamental Characteristics, with father report on the ICQ, and, to a lower degree, with home data collected by independent observers. It was also found that mother characteristics may affect perceptions of infant difficultness: multiparous, extraverted mothers tended to rate their infants as easy.
婴儿特征问卷（ICQ）是作为一种简短的、基于因素分析的困难度筛查工具而开发的。322名4至6个月大婴儿的母亲的回答表明，她们将爱哭闹、难以安抚、情绪不稳定的婴儿视为难养型婴儿。研究发现，母亲在ICQ上的报告，尤其是在主要的爱哭闹-难养因素方面，随着时间推移具有足够的可靠性，并且与凯里气质特征调查结果、父亲在ICQ上的报告以及（程度较低）独立观察者收集的家庭数据具有趋同性。研究还发现，母亲的特征可能会影响对婴儿难养程度的认知：多子女、性格外向的母亲倾向于将自己的婴儿评为易养型。
