Scholz D, Schwille P O, Ulbrich D, Bausch W M, Sigel A
Urol Res. 1979 Sep;7(3):161-70. doi: 10.1007/BF00257201.
Stone analyses (kidney, upper urinary tract) of the department of Urology, University of Erlangen, from a four-year-period (1974-1977) have been recorded with emphasis to stone composition, sex and age of the pertinent stone forming patients. During this time period there were no substantial changes as regards the per cent frequency of the various stone types. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate (CaOx), followed by uric acid, calcium phosphate (CaP), struvite and cystine. Stone analyses were mostly requested for patients between 46 and 55 years of age. Stone incidence in our clinic is calculated to be 1.22 times higher in males than females, especially beyond 36 years of age. The frequency peaks are: pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx 36-45 years; CaOx with additional mineral phases (mostly CaP) 46-55 years; uric acid 56-65 years; CaP 26-35 years. From those patients who underwent further investigations in searching for metabolic abnormalities serum concentrations, urine mineral clearances in fasting urine samples, and activity products of stone forming mineral phases in sequentially collected specimens from 24 h and 2 h fasting urine had been measured and compared with values from healthy control subjects. In urolithiasis (idiopathic) there is a normal parathyroid hormone blood level, a generally lower serum inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentration. In pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx and uric acid lithiasis serum uric acid and creatinine are higher than in controls, urine pH and calcium clearance in some groups are different too. Clearances of magnesium, uric acid, phosphate, sodium are within normal limits in urolithiasis. When expressing the propensity to form stones in terms of activity products, then only uric acid lithiasis deviates substantially from normal. All other stone types differ only slightly or not at all from each other and controls respectively. It is concluded that 1) in our geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; 2) there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; 3) measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.
埃尔朗根大学泌尿外科对四年期间（1974 - 1977年）的结石分析（肾脏、上尿路）进行了记录，重点关注结石成分、相关结石形成患者的性别和年龄。在此期间，各种结石类型的百分比频率没有实质性变化。最常见的类型是草酸钙（CaOx），其次是尿酸、磷酸钙（CaP）、鸟粪石和胱氨酸。结石分析大多针对46至55岁的患者进行。据计算，我们诊所男性的结石发病率比女性高1.22倍，尤其是在36岁以上。频率峰值为：纯（=100%）CaOx结石在36 - 45岁；含有其他矿物相（主要是CaP）的CaOx结石在46 - 55岁；尿酸结石在56 - 65岁；CaP结石在26 - 35岁。对那些为寻找代谢异常而接受进一步检查的患者，测量了血清浓度、空腹尿液样本中的尿矿物质清除率，以及24小时和2小时空腹尿液连续收集标本中结石形成矿物相的活性产物，并与健康对照受试者的值进行了比较。在特发性尿石症中，甲状旁腺激素血液水平正常，血清无机磷酸盐和镁浓度通常较低。在纯（=100%）CaOx和尿酸结石症中，血清尿酸和肌酐高于对照组，某些组的尿液pH值和钙清除率也有所不同。尿石症中镁、尿酸、磷酸盐、钠的清除率在正常范围内。当用活性产物来表示形成结石的倾向时，只有尿酸结石症与正常情况有显著差异。所有其他结石类型彼此之间以及与对照组之间的差异仅为轻微或无差异。得出的结论是：1）在我们所在的地理区域，各种结石类型在不同年龄阶段占主导；2）尿石症中矿物质代谢参数有明显改变；3）测量尿液清除率可能会导致错误地认为结石形成成分的平均尿液排泄正常。
