Carter D R, Hayes W C
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Oct;59(7):954-62.
Compression tests of human and bovine trabecular bone specimens with and without marrow in situ were conducted at strain rates of from 0.001 to 10.0 per second. A porous platen above the specimens allowed the escape of marrow during testing. The presence of marrow increased the strength, modulus, and energy absorption of specimens only at the highest strain rate of 10.0 per second. This enhancement of material properties at the highest strain rate was due primarily to the restricted viscous flow of marrow through the platen rather than the flow through the pores of the trabecular bone. In specimens without marrow, the strength was proportional to the square of the apparent density and the modulus was proportional to the cube of the apparent density. Both strength and modulus were approximately proportional to the strain rate raised to the 0.06 power. These power relationships, which were shown to hold for all bone in the skeleton, allow meaningful predictions of bone tissue strength and stiffness based on in vivo density measurements.
对含有和不含原位骨髓的人体和牛小梁骨标本进行了压缩试验，应变速率为每秒0.001至10.0。标本上方的多孔压板允许在测试过程中骨髓逸出。仅在最高应变速率为每秒10.0时，骨髓的存在才增加了标本的强度、模量和能量吸收。在最高应变速率下材料性能的这种增强主要是由于骨髓通过压板的粘性流动受限，而不是通过小梁骨孔隙的流动。在没有骨髓的标本中，强度与表观密度的平方成正比，模量与表观密度的立方成正比。强度和模量都大致与应变速率的0.06次方成正比。这些幂关系已被证明适用于骨骼中的所有骨骼，基于体内密度测量可以对骨组织强度和刚度进行有意义的预测。
