Dardano J F
J Exp Anal Behav. 1968 Mar;11(2):133-46. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1968.11-133.
A progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule, in which successive reinforcements required an additional 50 responses, was programmed on one key. A response on a second key reset the progressive-ratio schedule to the first step. Before punishment, all pigeons consistently reset the schedule after reinforcement on the first step, thereby minimizing the number of responses required for reinforcement. Punishment was a brief electric shock contingent upon each response on the reset key. The first effect of punishment was to change the frequency of extra responses on the reset key. Under higher intensities of punishment, the pigeons completed the advanced steps of the progressive-ratio schedule before resetting to the first step. Completions of advanced steps were accompanied by decreases in the overall rate of responding and the rate of reinforcement. When the punishment contingency was removed, the major features of pre-punishment performance were recovered.
在一个按键上设置了累进比率强化程序，连续强化需要额外增加50次反应。在第二个按键上的一次反应会将累进比率程序重置到第一步。在施加惩罚之前，所有鸽子在第一步强化后都会持续重置程序，从而将强化所需的反应次数降至最低。惩罚是在重置键上的每次反应后施加短暂的电击。惩罚的第一个效果是改变重置键上额外反应的频率。在更高强度的惩罚下，鸽子在重置到第一步之前完成了累进比率程序的高级步骤。完成高级步骤伴随着整体反应速率和强化速率的下降。当取消惩罚条件时，惩罚前表现的主要特征得以恢复。
