Haseman J K, Kupper L L
Biometrics. 1979 Mar;35(1):281-93.
In certain toxicological experiments with laboratory animals, littermate data are frequently encountered. It is generally recognized that one characteristic of this type of data is the "litter effect", i.e., the tendency for animals from the same litter to respond more alike than animals from different litters. In this paper attention is restricted to dichotomous response variables that frequently arise in toxicological studies, such as the occurrence of fetal death or a particular malformation. Various techniques for estimating the underlying probability of response are discussed. A number of generalized models that have recently been proposed to take the litter effect into account are breifly reviewed and compared to the simpler binomial and Poisson models. Various procedures for assessing the significance of treatment-control differences are presented and their relative merits discussed. Finally, future research needs in this area are outlined.
在某些用实验动物进行的毒理学实验中，经常会遇到同窝动物的数据。人们普遍认识到这类数据的一个特点是“窝效应”，即同一窝的动物比不同窝的动物反应更相似的倾向。本文将注意力限制在毒理学研究中经常出现的二分反应变量上，例如胎儿死亡或特定畸形的发生。讨论了估计潜在反应概率的各种技术。简要回顾了最近提出的一些考虑窝效应的广义模型，并与更简单的二项式和泊松模型进行了比较。提出了评估处理组与对照组差异显著性的各种程序，并讨论了它们的相对优点。最后，概述了该领域未来的研究需求。
