Pohorecky L A
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1981 Summer;5(2):209-29. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(81)90003-8.
The literature on the interaction of ethanol and stress is reviewed. Stress has amethystic properties in both experimental animals and human subjects when analgesia or various behavioral parameters were evaluated. In addition studies have shown that ethanol counteracts some effects of stress in non-alcoholic subjects. Improvement in performance and in the effective state of humans and reversal of some behavioral and pathological concomitants of stress in experimental animals have been reported. Although there is indication that ethanol improves the affective state in humans, reduction of anxiety has not been a universal finding. Recent studies have pointed out a number of variables (the drinking environment, cognitive set, mood and personality of subjects, prior experience with ethanol, sex, dose and type of beverage) which can significantly alter the effects of alcohol in human subjects. These may account for the variability in results in the literature. Although some studies have shown that alcohol ingestion increases under stressful conditions, others have failed to do so in both experimental animals and in humans. In alcoholics ethanol ingestion, in general, does not appear to relieve anxiety. In fact anxiety usually increases with time during a drinking binge. Therefore more research needs to be done to assess the validity of the anxiety-reducing theory for alcohol abuse. Possible mechanisms for the interaction of stress and alcohol are discussed.
本文综述了乙醇与应激相互作用的相关文献。在评估镇痛或各种行为参数时，应激在实验动物和人类受试者中均具有抗痛觉过敏特性。此外，研究表明乙醇可抵消非酒精受试者的某些应激效应。据报道，乙醇可改善人类的表现和有效状态，并逆转实验动物应激的一些行为和病理伴随症状。虽然有迹象表明乙醇可改善人类的情感状态，但焦虑减轻并非普遍现象。近期研究指出了一些变量（饮酒环境、认知倾向、受试者的情绪和个性、乙醇的既往使用经历、性别、剂量和饮料类型），这些变量可显著改变酒精对人类受试者的影响。这些可能解释了文献中结果的变异性。虽然一些研究表明在应激条件下酒精摄入量会增加，但其他研究在实验动物和人类中均未得出此结果。在酗酒者中，一般而言，摄入乙醇似乎无法缓解焦虑。事实上，在饮酒狂欢期间，焦虑通常会随时间增加。因此需要进行更多研究来评估酒精滥用的抗焦虑理论的有效性。本文还讨论了应激与酒精相互作用的可能机制。
