Singer G, Oei T P, Wallace M
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1982 Spring;6(1):77-83. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(82)90008-2.
Studies of acquisition and maintenance patterns of drug intake, including dependence, necessitate voluntary intake of drugs. Voluntary intake in animal studies is difficult to achieve because of aversive taste factors associated with most drugs, and involuntary or forced choice methods obscure the behavior which is the object of study. The schedule-induced polydipsia paradigm has been used to induce oral ingestion of large volumes of alcohol, barbiturate and other drug solutions. We have developed a method of schedule-induced self-injection which allows the study of acquisition and maintenance of drug intake behavior with changing environments free from the interference of taste factors or imbalances due to excessive water intake. In this paper we review our findings on the acquisition and maintenance patterns of amphetamine, methadone, heroin, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, delta 9-THC and haloperidol. For all drugs except amphetamine, the combination of schedule and nutritional deprivation leads to the highest rates of drug intake as compared to controls. The schedule does not appear to be a potent factor at 90% and free feeding weight, and drug intake is the result of interaction of environmental factors and pharmacological properties of the drugs, rather than the effects of drug or environmental factors separately. The maintenance patterns of nicotine, cocaine, heroin and alcohol are also discussed and the advantages of schedule-induced self-injection over schedule-induced polydipsia methods are presented.
对药物摄入（包括成瘾）的习得和维持模式的研究需要药物的自愿摄入。在动物研究中，由于大多数药物都有令人厌恶的味道，很难实现自愿摄入，而且非自愿或强制选择方法会掩盖作为研究对象的行为。日程诱导性多饮范式已被用于诱导大量口服酒精、巴比妥酸盐及其他药物溶液。我们开发了一种日程诱导性自我注射方法，该方法可以在不受味道因素干扰或过度饮水导致的失衡影响的不断变化的环境中，研究药物摄入行为的习得和维持。在本文中，我们回顾了关于苯丙胺、美沙酮、海洛因、酒精、尼古丁、可卡因、Δ⁹-四氢大麻酚和氟哌啶醇的习得和维持模式的研究结果。与对照组相比，对于除苯丙胺以外的所有药物，日程安排和营养剥夺相结合会导致最高的药物摄入量。在90%体重和自由进食体重时，日程安排似乎不是一个有力因素，药物摄入是环境因素和药物药理特性相互作用的结果，而不是药物或环境因素单独作用的结果。本文还讨论了尼古丁、可卡因、海洛因和酒精的维持模式，并介绍了日程诱导性自我注射相对于日程诱导性多饮方法的优势。
