Williams H L, Rundell O H
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;80(3):221-5. doi: 10.1007/BF00436157.
Dose effects of secobarbital on free recall and recognition of words were examined in levels-of-processing paradigms. Secobarbital significantly impaired recall, even when initial item processing was guided with appropriate orienting tasks. However, when processing was guided both at input (with orienting tasks) and at retrieval (with recognition testing), secobarbital-related retention deficits reported in conventional 'learn these words' experiments were not found. Levels-of-processing theory suggests at least two possible mediators for retention deficits associated with drug intoxication, a production deficit at encoding or reduced processing capacity. Neither of these hypotheses can account for the data. A third hypothesis suggests that the intoxicated subject adopts a cautious response-decision strategy, thus failing to emit available items in recall testing or to endorse correct items on recognition. The results of signal detection analysis offered no support for this hypothesis. Considered together with earlier studies, the data indicate that when processing is guided only at retrieval, secobarbital produces both recall and recognition decrements. On the other hand, when processing is guided only at input, the drug produces recall deficits. Apparently, when secobarbital-intoxicated subjects are left to generate their own responses at retrieval, they fail to undertake optimal retrieval strategies. When their processing is guided both at input and retrieval, their drug-induced retention decrements can be corrected.
在加工水平范式中研究了速可巴比妥对单词自由回忆和识别的剂量效应。速可巴比妥显著损害回忆，即使初始项目加工由适当的定向任务引导。然而，当在输入时（通过定向任务）和在检索时（通过识别测试）都引导加工时，在传统的“学习这些单词”实验中报告的与速可巴比妥相关的记忆缺陷并未出现。加工水平理论提出了至少两种与药物中毒相关的记忆缺陷的可能中介因素，即编码时的产生缺陷或加工能力降低。这些假设都无法解释这些数据。第三种假设表明，中毒受试者采用谨慎的反应决策策略，因此在回忆测试中未能说出可用项目或在识别中未能认可正确项目。信号检测分析的结果不支持这一假设。与早期研究一起考虑，数据表明，当仅在检索时引导加工时，速可巴比妥会导致回忆和识别下降。另一方面，当仅在输入时引导加工时，药物会导致回忆缺陷。显然，当速可巴比妥中毒的受试者在检索时自行生成反应时，他们未能采用最佳检索策略。当他们在输入和检索时的加工都得到引导时，他们由药物引起的记忆下降可以得到纠正。
