Schwartz B
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1981 Sep;110(3):429-35.
Alloy and Abramson reported that depressed people are accurate at assessing response-outcome contingencies, whereas normal people display various distortions. It is argued that such a finding causes problems for a learned helplessness theory of depression, because it suggests that people can only detect some of the conditions necessary for producing helplessness after they are already depressed. The presumed causal relation between helplessness and depression may be strengthened if one assumes that helplessness prevents the development of active hypothesis-testing strategies that would otherwise produced biased assessments of contingency.
Alloy和Abramson报告称，抑郁的人在评估反应-结果的偶然性方面是准确的，而正常人则表现出各种偏差。有人认为，这样的发现给抑郁的习得性无助理论带来了问题，因为这表明人们只有在已经抑郁之后才能察觉到产生无助感所需的某些条件。如果假设无助感会阻止积极的假设检验策略的发展，而这种策略否则会产生对偶然性的偏差评估，那么无助感与抑郁之间假定的因果关系可能会得到加强。
