Nadel E R
Undersea Biomed Res. 1984 Jun;11(2):149-58.
The thermal physical properties of water make water a medium of high heat transfer relative to air. This paper describes the body temperature pattern during immersion in still and moving water, the avenues for energy exchange, the energy transfer characteristics of humans, and the physiological means by which the body attempts to compensate for the excess heat loss in water. Fat is the major defense against cooling in water when exercising or shivering. Skeletal muscle is a significant additional factor during quiet rest.
水的热物理性质使水成为相对于空气而言具有高传热性的介质。本文描述了浸入静止和流动水中时的体温模式、能量交换途径、人体的能量传递特征，以及身体试图补偿在水中过多热量损失的生理方式。脂肪是运动或颤抖时防止在水中冷却的主要防御手段。在安静休息时，骨骼肌是一个重要的额外因素。
