Wenke G, Rivenson A, Brunnemann K D, Hoffmann D, Bhide S V
IARC Sci Publ. 1984(57):859-66.
In model studies, nitrosation of the major areca alkaloid, arecoline, leads to the formation of N-nitrosoguvacoline, 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile (MNPN), 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionaldehyde and two unknown N-nitrosamines. MNPN is a strong carcinogen in Fischer 344 rats. After subcutaneous injection of 1.1 mmol MNPN in 60 doses, all 15 male and 15 female rats developed tumours within 24 weeks; multiple tumours occurred in 26 of the rats. Eighty-seven percent of the animals had tumours of the oesophagus, 70% had nasal cavity tumours, 37% had tumours of the tongue, 7% tumours of the pharynx and 7% tumors of the forestomach. At the dose used, male and female rats showed no significant difference in tumour incidence or site of tumours. The formation of MNPN during betel quid chewing, although likely, has not yet been proven, while the areca-derived N-nitrosamine, N-nitrosoguvacoline (NG), has been found in the saliva of betel quid chewers at levels of 2.2-348 micrograms/L. N-Nitrosoguvacoline levels were higher in the saliva of chewers who used betel quid together with tobacco. The saliva of these chewers also contained tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines.
在模型研究中，主要槟榔生物碱槟榔碱的亚硝化作用会导致形成N-亚硝基古豆碱、3-（甲基亚硝基氨基）丙腈（MNPN）、3-（甲基亚硝基氨基）丙醛以及两种未知的N-亚硝基胺。MNPN是Fischer 344大鼠中的一种强致癌物。给15只雄性和15只雌性大鼠皮下注射1.1 mmol MNPN，分60次给药，所有大鼠在24周内均出现肿瘤；26只大鼠出现多个肿瘤。87%的动物患有食管肿瘤，70%患有鼻腔肿瘤，37%患有舌部肿瘤，7%患有咽部肿瘤，7%患有前胃肿瘤。在所使用的剂量下，雄性和雌性大鼠在肿瘤发生率或肿瘤部位上没有显著差异。尽管在咀嚼槟榔过程中可能会形成MNPN，但尚未得到证实，而在咀嚼槟榔者的唾液中已发现源自槟榔的N-亚硝基胺N-亚硝基古豆碱（NG），其含量为2.2 - 348微克/升。同时使用槟榔和烟草的咀嚼者唾液中的N-亚硝基古豆碱水平更高。这些咀嚼者的唾液中还含有烟草特有的N-亚硝基胺。
